Статьи журнала - Человек. Спорт. Медицина
Все статьи: 2280
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Авторы, опираясь на международный научно-практический опыт, делают заключение о необходимости создания и развития в системе здравоохранения России STAT-лабораторий. Высказывается экспериментально-обоснованное мнение о том, что эффективная работа STAT-лабораторий возможна только при широком взаимодействии разных служб медицинских центров при условии самой широкой интеграции медицины и образования, науки, техники и технологий, подготовки качественно новых специалистов по новым специальностям.
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Scientific and theoretical aspects of intellectual training in game sports
Статья научная
Aim. This paper provides an experimental foundation for the scientific and theoretical aspects of intellectual training in game sports.
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Selenium as a factor for maintaining physical performance in elite athletes
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of selenium on physical performance in elite athletes during control and preparatory training mesocycles. Materials and methods. This research involved 44 highly skilled male track and field athletes aged 19.9 ± 0.21 years; 20 athletes were included in the control group. Athletes in the experimental group (12 athletes) took the selenium-containing supplement at a 50 µg selenium dose per day for 21 days of intensive training loads; the same number of athletes made up the no-treatment group. The control group was examined once, while the experimental and no-treatment groups were examined twice: at the beginning of the study and after 21 days of intensive training. Heart rate was recorded, blood pressure was measured, and the heart rate variability parameters and overall physical performance were determined by the PWC170 test. Results. The results of the PWC170 test increased 1.22 times (P
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Sex differentiation of morphological characteristics and motor skills in preschool-aged children
Статья научная
Aim. The research was conducted with the aim of determining preschool-aged children’s sex differentiation using the multivariate and univariate variance analyses (MANOVA/ANOVA). Material and methods. A battery of measuring instruments comprising 17 variables (8 morphological characteristics variables and 9 motor skills variables) was carried out on a sample of 69 children (49 boys and 20 girls), aged 5 and 6, from the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in the Republic of Croatia. Results. The results showed that, between boys and girls of this age, there are multivariate statistically significant differences in arithmetic meanings at the level of p =.022 in the entire system of morphological and motor variables, whereas univariate values did not show a statistical significance. Conclusion. The conclusion is drawn that in the morphologic space in children between the ages of five and six years, there are quite equal developmental processes based on sex differentiation and genetic determinations (4:4); however, this is more pronounced in the motor space in favor of the girls (2:7) at this age.
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Short-term diet modification can moderate the levels of fatigue indices in tennis players
Статья научная
Aim. The Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term diet modification on plasma levels of fatigue indices (including serotonin, dopamine, serotonin/dopamine ratio, ammonia, and lactate) following a two-hour tennis match. Materials and methods. 32 semi-professional male tennis players participated in a randomized cross-over design in the form of short-term diet modification (DM) and non-modification (N-DM) interventions. They played a formal two-hour match and plasma levels of fatigue indices and RPE scores of participants were determined before and after each tennis match. Results. The results of this study showed that after the match, the serotonin, dopamine, lactate, and ammonia increased significantly compared to pre-match in both interventions (p
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Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study is to overcome the problem of nutrient bioavailability in drinks for athletes, which is the result of their low permeability in metabolic processes of the body. For this purpose, we used sonochemical micronization of taxifolin - the most effective antioxidant. Materials and methods. To improve taxifolin solubility and bioavailability we used ultrasound treatment, which allowed us to provide taxifolin micronization on the following conditions: 5-, 15- and 25-minute treatment of 20 ± 2 kHz with radiation intensity of at least 10 W/cm2, power of 170, 400 and 630 W and temperature within 50 °С. The study was conducted using the following methods: microstructural analysis of native taxifolin and its solutions, including those obtained with sonochemical micronization; analysis of the disperse composition of taxifolin solutions; assessment of the total antioxidant activity of these solutions; assessment of taxifolin solubility and colloidal stability of its solutions. Results. We established that sonochemical micronization allows us to obtain solutions with the predominance of particles of no more than 100 nm. The morphological structure of taxifolin particles has significantly changed, particles are characterized by more homogenous and amorphous structure. We noticed some decrease in antioxidant activity under increased ultrasound exposure. Optimization of ultrasound exposure with the controlling parameter “average particle size” allowed us to establish the most effective mode (600 W, 18 minutes), which helped us to improve the colloidal stability of taxifolin solution and taxifolin solubility 6 times in comparison with the control sample. Conclusion. Sonochemical micronization should be regarded as convenient for the development of a new form of taxifolin with increased solubility and bioavailability, which can be used for the production of drinks for athletes.
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Possibility is investigated to enhance spatial resolution of diffuse optical tomograms reconstructed by the photon average trajectories (PAT) method. The PAT method is based on a concept of average statistical trajectory of light energy transfer from point source to point detector. The inverse problem of diffuse optical tomography reduces to solution of an integral equation with integration by conventional PAT. In the result for reconstruction of diffuse optical images the conventional algorithms of projection tomography can be applied, including filtered backprojection algorithm. The shortcoming of the PAT method is that it reconstructs I mages blurred in the result of averaging by photons spatial distribution contributing into the signal measured by a detector. To enhance resolution we apply a spatially variant blur model based on interpolation of spatially invariant point spread functions simulated for different image regions. To restore tomograms two iterative algorithms for solution of system of linear algebraic equations are used: conjugate gradient algorithm for least squares problems and modified residual norm steepest descent algorithm. It is shown that one can achieve 30% enhancement of spatial resolution.
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Speed and change of direction differences in pre- and adolescent youth soccer players
Статья научная
Speed and change of direction (CoD) are important factors in the soccer, develop from childhood and determine the performance of soccer players. Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the development of speed and CoD in pre- and adolescent soccer players and also to examine any differences on CoD performance associated with CoD right (CoDR) or left side (CoDL). Materials and Methods. The study involved 75 soccer players divided into 3 different age groups (U12, U14 and U16). The players performed a 20m sprint in straight line and CoD on both sides using the Arrowhead Agility Test (AAT). Results. Significant differences between ages were recorded in speed (F(2.72) = 118.9; p = 0.000)) and CoDR (F(2.72) = 8.668; p = 0.000), with U16 being superior to other ages, while significant difference in CoDL was observed between U14 and U16 with U12 (p = 0.007 and p = 0.000, respectively) but not between U14 and U16 (p = 0.159). Conclusion. Speed and CoD appear to develop with age, but CoDL, as measured by AAT, appears to be influenced by the use of dominant foot (DL).
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Sports talent search: genes versus motor tests
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to explain the role of physical fitness testing and genetic analysis in identifying sports talents. Materials and Methods. The research sample included 169 pupils (97 male; mean age = 7.438 y. and 72 female; mean age = 7.227 y.) attending 3 elementary schools in the region of Nitra, Slovakia. All pupils underwent 9 physical tests to determine their general physical abilities. Each performance of pupils in tests was allotted points. Subsequently, 30 pupils with the highest points were selected to undergo 2ml saliva sampling (GeneFix Saliva Collectors) for genetic analysis. Samples were analyzed using the HiScan (Illumina inc, San Diego, USA) apparatus, which allowed for analyzing 400 000 polymorphisms in a human gene. The values of individual genetic score are compared with histogram of genetic score distribution in European population. Softwares Genomestudio (Illumina inc, San Diego, USA) and TANAGRA 1.4.50 were used for data analysis. Results. Based on the analysis we offered parents and coaches comprehensive information about children´s prerequisites for certain type of sports, particularly anaerobic capacity, motivation for sports, muscle pain sensitivity, and type of energy metabolism. Conclusion. Results of the genetic analysis and measurement of motor abilities of selected children aged 7-8 years suggest that genetic testing of young athletes offers a suitable method of identifying performance prerequisites just before their development. Genetic tests can inform trainers and athletes on the type of physical activity (endurance or speed) suitable for the given individual. The results of fitness tests can provide them only with partial information on the momentary state of fitness of children. Genetic analysis may be considered a suitable and practical alternative for fitness-oriented testing of population.
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Sports technique information entropy: ways to overcome and opportunities to use
Статья научная
Aim. This paper critically explores qualitative biomechanical analysis. The aim of the study was to investigate information entropy in the perception of sports technique. Material and methods. The research is based on expert assessments. The coaches recorded typical errors and provided their integral assessments of sports technique while watching the video of sprint running (250 fps). Results. The study showed the low correspondence between the results of qualitative biomechanical analysis provided in the form of expert assessments. The reasons for this were the subjective perception of sports technique and the uncertainty of the technique itself. The study showed that the Shannon entropy could be a suitable indicator of athletic performance. Besides that, entropy allows estimating the accuracy of formulations that describe technique errors. Conclusion. The results obtained can be used to improve qualitative biomechanical analysis by reducing information entropy in the perception of sports technique.
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Статья научная
Aim. University students represent a specific group of young people in the final phase of biological, social and professional maturing and, at the same time, they are finishing their education and preparing themselves for long life obligations and period of living as an adult. The aim of this study was to determine the quantitative characteristics, descriptive models and prevalence of the body structure of the female students of the University of Belgrade. Material and Methods. The sample consisted of 862 female students of the University of Belgrade (26 Faculties) from all study programs (from bachelor to PhD). The average age of students was: 22.2 ± 2.6 years. The whole sample was divided into eight BMI sub-classes according to WHO standards. All measurements were performed in the period 2014-2018 and were conducted according to the standardized procedure, using the InBody 720 measurement system. Results. Based on the results of the BMI prevalence, it can be argued that 6.85 % of female students are underweight, 80.14 % has normal BMI value, 9.64 % are overweight and only 3.13 % of the students are obese. Considering percent of body fat (PBF) as a criteria of nutritional status, 0.5 % of female students had PBF under the essential biological level (below the 10.0 % limit), 1.9 % had PBF at an essential level, 19.4 % had PBF at the level of athletes, 33.3 % had fitness level of PBF, 29.4 % had normal body fat level, and the percent of the sample in the obese category was as high as 15.6 %. Results of ANOVA Regression have shown that trend of body fat changes per kg•m-2 of BMI was between 1.5496 and 1.5181 % depending on the regression model, with a standard error of estimation value of 4.59 % of body fat. Conclusion. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the morphological status of the female students of the University of Belgrade is at the level of persons with normal BMI, but with twice as big prevalence of underweight (6.85 %), i.e. malnutrition, than obesity (3.13 %), i.e. overnutrition.
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The acute effect of running exercise on liver ABCA1 gene expression in male Wistar rats
Статья научная
Objectives. ATP-binding cassette transporters transfer a variety of substrates across the lipid bilayers in an energy-dependent manner. ABCA1 is a member of this family, which plays a crucial role in plasma HDL-C metabolism. On the other hand, the short-term effects of exercise training are less studied. The aim of this study was the effects of a single bout of exercise on liver ABCA1 gene expression in the male Wistar rats. Methods. Twenty four male Wistar rats were housed in a standard environment and randomly divided into two Control (n = 12) and Experimental (n = 12) groups. The exercise included running on a treadmill for 120 min (18 m/min). Immediately, 2 and 24 hours after exercise, rats were anesthetized, and samples were taken from the adipose tissue and liver. Liver ABCA1 was assessed by RT-PCR. Results. The results showed that liver ABCA1 gene expression had significant elevation immediately, 2 and 24 hours after exercise (p
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Статья научная
Background. The process of developing motor skills in secondary education has, over time, experienced constant improvement concerns from the part of specialists who plan and manage the physical education activities for this age group. Optimizing physical training during puberty is a much more difficult endeavour than during adulthood. Acquiring new motor skills, their correct management and guidance, as well as their application in motor mastery stages, are dependent on the development degree of conditional skills such as speed, strength, resistance, on their forms of manifestation and on their combination. Aim. The aim of our research was to develop motor skills in 6th grade girls by means of applicative courses and to compare the effectiveness of experimental and classical curricula. Methods. During school year 2016-2017, we applied an experimental curriculum on the experimental group, which focused on a number of 32 applicative courses, divided on the learning units. Out of these learning units, 8 courses are dedicated to the motor skill speed, 10 courses to the development of different types of strength, 6 to the motor skill resistance and 8 concentrate on the combinations speed-coordination or strengthresistance. Results. The interpretation of the difference of signification between the averages of the two groups - for the final tests - indicates a slight progress of girls form the experimental group, in all the trials used. Nevertheless, there were statistically significant differences only for3 of the 13 trials. Conclusions. The insignificant differences between the two independent groups obtained at most final tests indicate the fact that the use of applicative courses is not better than the classical methodology used to develop conditional motor skills. It is indicated to continue the study on larger secondary school groups, both in the rural and in the urban environment, so that the results obtained could be representative at a national level and the conclusions drawn could be pertinent.
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The effect of 8 week resistance exercises on blood lipids and blood sugar levels in sedentary women
Статья научная
Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an eight-week resistance exercise program on blood fats and blood sugar in sedentary women. The study included 20 volunteers with a mean age of 31.70 ± 3.81 years. Materials and methods. Blood samples were taken by the experts in the appropriate laboratory environment in the morning before and after the resistance exercise program, which was administered 60 minutes 3 days a week for 8 weeks in the mornings on an empty stomach. Dependent groups t-test (Paired Sample T-Test) was applied to compare descriptive statistics with pre- and post-exercise values by using SPSS 22.0 package program. Results. There was a significant difference between GLU, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol levels before and after the resistance exercise program (p > 0.05). Conclusions. Resistance exercises have a positive effect on blood sugar and blood fat change. Therefore, we think that it can be used as protection from cardiovascular diseases, and if these exercises are applied regularly, they will have many positive results in terms of health.
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The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on Turkish well trained cyclist's pre-competition anxiety level
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Aim. The aim of this study is to examine national team level Turkish cyclist’s pre competition anxiety level before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. Study held on the Turkish cyclists who is racing in international level. A total of 31 riders with mean age 18.25 ± 1.87; length 169.45 ± 7.73 cm and weight 61.18 ± 6.59 kg. In the study, the Turkish version of the “Sport Competition Anxiety Test-SCAT” developed by Rainer Martens in 1977 was used. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the difference between the socio-demographic characteristics and SCAT scores of cyclist. Statistical significance was accepted as p Aim. The aim of this study is to examine national team level Turkish cyclist’s pre competition anxiety level before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. Study held on the Turkish cyclists who is racing in international level. A total of 31 riders with mean age 18.25 ± 1.87; length 169.45 ± 7.73 cm and weight 61.18 ± 6.59 kg. In the study, the Turkish version of the “Sport Competition Anxiety Test-SCAT” developed by Rainer Martens in 1977 was used. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the difference between the socio-demographic characteristics and SCAT scores of cyclist. Statistical significance was accepted as p function show_abstract() { $('#abstract1').hide(); $('#abstract2').show(); $('#abstract_expand').hide(); } ▼Показать полностью
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Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of balance exercises using active video games on static and dynamic balance of sedentary female students. Materials and Methods. In this semi-experimental study with a pre-test--post-test design, 24 sedentary female students in Izeh city, aged 18-29, were purposefully selected. After performing the pre-test, they were randomly divided into two equal groups of balance exercises based on active video games (Xbox) and the group of traditional balance exercises (TE). The duration of the training was four weeks, two sessions per week of twenty minutes (totally eight sessions). The intervention of the Xbox group was performed by the Kinect 360 device, and the TE group performed traditional balance training. Data analysis was performed at the level of p ≤ 0.05. Results. The within-group results showed both of Xbox group and TE improved static and dynamic balance. The between-group results showed that there was no significant difference in static balance between the two groups, but there was a significant difference in dynamic balance between the two groups and this significance was in favor of the Xbox group. Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, it seems that virtual reality exercises can be used as a new and attractive training method as an effective intervention in improving balance, especially dynamic balance.
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Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the selected body composition variables and frequency and volume of LTPA (Leisure time physical activity - F-LTPA and V-LTPA) in employed females; and which indicator of LTPA relates better to body composition. Moreover, it aimed to determine the differences between employed females who report different levels of LTPA. Materials and Methods. The sample of 535 employed females (19.8-45.3 years) were collected. Body height, body mass, body mass index, body fat mass, percent body fat, and body fat index were assessed via bioelectric impedance analyzer. International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess F-LTPA and V-LTPA. Sample was divided in four groups relative to F-LTPA and V-LTPA: sedentary, seldom active, moderately active, and very active. Correlation analysis and analysis of variance were used to analyze the associations and differences between LTPA groups. Results. Small to moderate correlation occurred between body fatness measures and both LTPA modalities, with higher correlations being with V-LTPA. Females who reported higher F-LTPA and V-LTPA had lower amounts of BM, BFM, PBF, and BFMI than those who reported to lower values of LTPA. The biggest differences occurred in BFMI and PBF. Conclusion. Frequency of four to five LTPA sessions or 150-300 minutes per week may be needed for acceptable level of body fatness, while to attain fitness level of body fatness that is higher than just acceptable, females may need to be active even more frequently or more than 300 minutes per week.
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The effects of the zinc supplementation and weight trainings on the testosterone levels
Статья научная
Aim. The purpose of this study, it has been aimed to examine the effects of zinc supplementation applied with weight trainings on the testosterone levels in sedentary individuals and athletes. Materials and Methods. As methods of work it was selected 40 male, 20 sedentary male and 20 male who do physical exercises regularly, participated in the study. The participants are divided equally into 4 groups. The groups are constituted in that way: 1st Group: Control Group (S),2nd Group: Sedentary Group which is supplied with Zinc (Z), 3rd Group: Training Group which is supplied with Zinc (ZT) and 4th Group: Athletes’ Group who performs the weight training (T).The total testosterone and free testosterone values of the participants were measured from the blood samples which were drawn from the participants at the beginning and at the end of the 6-week training period. Results. Like results, has been asserted that the total and free testosterone values of the groups which are supplied with Zinc and perform weight training have increased depending on training and supplementation. Conclusion. In conclusion consequently it has been determined that 6-week zinc supplementation and weight training increase the testosterone levels. Accordingly, it may be said that this implementation contributes to the performance.
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The effects of wearable resistance loading on kinematic of front kick among elite taekwondo athletes
Статья научная
Aim. This study aimed to determine the acute effects of WR on Taekwondo front kick kinematics. Methodology. 24 elite taekwondo athletes were recruited and were required to perform front kick in four conditions; 1) WR with 3% of body mass (3WR), 2) WR with 5% of body mass (5WR), 3) WR with 8% of body mass (8WR) and 4) without WR (0WR). Movement kinematics (foot velocity, knee velocity and peak height) were analyzed during the movement in both dominant and non-dominant leg. Cameras attached to motion analysis systems were used to record participant’s kicking kinematics. The kinematics data obtained were compared between each conditions. Results. Results showed that only wearing WR of 3% body mass did not changed the knee velocity and kicking peak height as without WR. The foot velocities were found to be significantly different between each loadings with velocities become lower as loading increased. Conclusion. Wearing WR of 3% body mass were found to be suitable for athletes during training session as they can maintain their technical effectiveness while also increase stimulus for body to adapt in long term. Chronic studies need to be conducted to determine the long term effects of WR loadings on the kicking techniques.
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The impact of the needs and roles of nutrition counselling in sport
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Aim. The aim of study was to identify the essential needs and roles of sport nutrition counselling. Material and Methods. 1410 subjects participated in the study: n = 564 (40 %) active athletes; n = 437 (31 %) nutrition and dietetics students; n = 409 (29 %) students of physical education and sports. The assessment targeted a survey based on a questionnaire containing 10 items with Likert responses (5), concerning the degree of needs and the impact of the roles of sport nutrition counselor. Results. The average number of subjects that rated the assessment questionnaire with maximum points 5 were 1082 subjects (76.73 %); 4 points 212 subjects (15.03 %); 3 points 85 subjects (6.06 %). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of questionnaire was 0.926, valid number 1410, suggesting that the items have very high internal consistency and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test showed data statistically normal of all items of questionnaire. Conclusions. To promote a healthy and active lifestyle, experts in sports nutrition counseling can identify, through a holistic approach, solutions to the issue of change and optimization of dietary habits according to subjects peculiarities and the specific nature of sports activities.
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