Статьи журнала - Человек. Спорт. Медицина
Все статьи: 2280
Effects of dietary fiber on human health: a review
Статья обзорная
The aim of this article is to review literature data on the terminology, classification and physiological effects of dietary fibers. Results. The scientific studies on the terminology, classification and characteristics of various types of dietary fiber are presented, the sources of dietary fiber and their positive physiological effects are described. Nowadays no consensus definition has been given to the concept of dietary fibers. The authors point to dietary fibers being related to chemical compounds defined by structure, or functional properties, and/or a combination of both structural and functional properties. The authors noted one commonality in these definitions: each mentioned positive physiological effects. The modern classification system for dietary fibers is wide and diverse and can be based on origin, structure of polymers, solubility, ion exchange, sorption or physiological effect. Many studies have shown that dietary fibers can promote human health and help prevent specific chronic diseases that increase mortality and reduce life expectancy. Numerous healthful effects of the dietary fibers have been documented. These include curative and preventive effects for diseases such as obesity, certain types of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and constipation. Conclusion. Fibers are considered before other nutrients to ensure a healthy nutrition. Research continues to contribute new data on the effect of dietary fiber on the human body.
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Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate if the SPE classes were sufficient to improve the police students’ aerobic endurance over the period of 12 weeks; and to investigate if two additional aerobic trainings per week may have an effect on the students’ aerobic endurance. Materials and Methods. An initial and final estimated maximal oxygen consumption of 233 (♀87 and ♂146) police students were assessed at the begging and after 12 weeks of training. All participants were performing SPE classes as part of the curriculum, while experimental groups (♀39 and ♂81) conducted two additional trainings for aerobic endurance. A repeated-measure analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of the treatments and the differences between the treatments. Results. The SPE with two additional aerobic endurance trainings significantly improved students’ aerobic endurance in both sexes (14 %, p
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Статья научная
Introduction. It is suggested that jujube might have beneficial effects on exercise-induced immune perturbations, specifically on neutrophils apoptosis regulation, but its cellular mechanism is unclear. Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of Ziziphus jujuba administration on pro- and anti-apoptotic protein levels in human neutrophils in response to a session of circuit resistance exercise (Ex). Material and Methods. Participants completed an Ex (75 % 1RM, 9 exercises, 3 sets). While one group received a placebo, the other group (Zj) was supplemented daily with jujube (0.5 gr/kg body weight suspended in 2.5cc distilled water) one hour before Ex. Results. Ex increased the neutrophil level of [Ca2+]i, calpain-1 and caspase-3 (p
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Статья научная
Aim. The article deals with establishing the peculiarities of ECG contour analysis in athletes with various SERPINE1 (PAI-1) genotypes depending on their gender. Materials and methods. We examined 200 athletes from national teams, including 107 boys aged 14.95 ± 1.57 and 93 girls aged 15.04 ± 1.67. ECG registration was performed in standard conditions using SENSITEG 1003 equipment. SERPINE1 PAI-1 gene mutation was assessed with the help of polymerase chain reaction using REALTIME DNA-technologies. We processed the results of the study using SPSS integrated statistical system. Results. We revealed that 44.1% and 55.1% of female and male athletes, respectively, possess SERPINE1 (PAI-1) gene heterozygous form. Dominant genotype was revealed in 23.7% and 33.6% of female and male athletes, respectively, while recessive genotype was found in 32.3% and 11.2% of female and male participants, respectively. Prolonged QRS, P intervals, associated with SERPINE1 (PAI-1) recessive genotype, are more typical for male participants (7-10%). Decreased HR and alpha angle values in persons with recessive genotype are 1.7 and 2.7 times more common for female athletes. Conclusion. We revealed electrocardiographic indicators, associated with SERPINE1 (PAI-1) gene mutation in young athletes. These indicators are significant for the assessment of cardiovascular disease risks. It was established that persons with SERPINE1 (PAI-1) 4G/4G genotype can practice professional sports only under the supervision of a cardiologist.
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Erythrocyte oxidative status after maximal aerobic test in wrestlers
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Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the erythrocyte oxidative status of the wrestlers after performing the maximal aerobic test, by registering in erythrocytes the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), total glutathione (tGSH) and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Materials and methods. A group of 12 healthy wrestlers conducted a treadmill maximal aerobic test, and venous blood samples were obtained before and immediately after the exercise. Erythrocytes were separated from plasma and used for spectrophotometric determination of LPO, tGSH and enzyme activities. Plasma was used for determination of hemoglobin concentration (Hb) as an index of hemolysis. Results. The performance of the maximal aerobic test resulted in a significant increase of Hb in blood plasma, a decrease of LPO, and no changes of the tGSH level in erythrocytes. In regards to antioxidant enzymes, our results showed an increase in the activity of GPx, while the CAT and SOD activity remain unchanged. Conclusions. It can be concluded that in active athletes, predominate erythrocytes that are more resistant to oxidative stress, because of the accelerated hemolysis induced by physical exercise, lead to the elimination of the old and oxidative modified cells.
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Evaluation of agonistic tennis in Greece: tennis players' beliefs and position
Статья научная
Aim. Tennis popularity in Greece has been gaining ground in the last decade. The study examines the views of Greek tennis players about the sport. Materials and methods. The survey was conducted during the Hellenic Juniors' Tennis Tournament that took place in Athens, March 2019. Data were collected from a sample of 45 teenagers, participating at the Tournament. Survey participants completed a self-completion questionnaire. Data were analyzed with SPSS. Questions regarded the demographics and the teenagers' beliefs about the level of tennis in Greece, their preferences regarding tennis coaches, whether there are opportunities for tennis athletes to be promoted in Greece, the preferred characteristics of trainings and their view about organization of tennis in Greece. Results. The level of tennis in Greece is considered moderate to high. The quality of coaching is considered to be medium to high and coaches are expected to display many qualities and give at least once a month their feedback to the athletes. Tennis is an expensive sport that needs to be advertised by the media. The introduction of tennis in schools would augment the popularity of tennis in Greece. Conclusion. In order to have a broader view of tennis in Greece, it is important to take into consideration the beliefs of young tennis players, as well as the beliefs of tennis coaches and tennis agents.
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Aim. The paper aims to assess vitamin (A, C, carotene) and iron content, as well as peroxidation activity in the blood serum of athletes with scoliosis and anemia. Materials and methods. 620 adolescents aged from 13 to 18 were randomly selected. All participants were under clinical supervision at a medical and physical education clinic in Veliky Novgorod. Of these adolescents, 3 groups were formed for further analysis: 1st group - apparently healthy adolescents (n = 20), 2nd group - adolescents with iron-deficiency anemia (n = 20), 3rd group - athletes with scoliosis and iron-deficiency anemia (n = 10). Blood test results were evaluated. The serum levels of vitamin A, C, carotene, iron and malondialdehyde were measured. Vitamin C content was determined in the urine samples. ECG indicators were analyzed before and after exercise. Results. It has been found that athletes with both scoliosis and anemia demonstrate significant changes in terms of vitamin A and C levels, which trigger the processes that result in oxidative stress. These changes can be one of the causes of frequent (in 50% of cases) ECG changes under exercise in this group of athletes (extrasystole, transient SA block II degree). Conclusion. Iron-deficiency anemia is mostly identified for the first time during a routine examination. Athletes with scoliosis and iron deficiency anemia are advised for further medical examination and operational monitoring of regulatory mechanisms, including vitamin content in blood serum, due to hypoxia and lipid peroxidation.
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Статья научная
The Aim. The aim of this paper is to define the contractile characteristics of maximal isometric handgrip force and to establish possible differences between the students of the Universities of Chelyabinsk and Belgrade. The secondary aim is to create a practically applicable initial model in order to explore the mentioned characteristics in the future. Material and methods. For the purposes of this research, the overall sample of 225 subjects was tested. 91 subjects were from Russia and 134 were from Serbia. The results were gathered using a strain gage and a standardized isometric handgrip test protocol. The contractile properties of HG muscle force were measured in relation to three different contractile dimensions: the maximal muscle force (Fmax), the maximal explosive muscle force (RFDmax), the time need for achieving maximal (tFmax) and maximal explosive (tRFDmax) muscle force. Results. This study has shown that there are no generally statistically significant differences for all observed variables of HG contractile characteristics between tested Russian and Serbian students. Based on the results of the present study, six different models of the equation for evaluation of HG contractile characteristics of female and male students, i.e. young adults, were made. All defined models are highly statistically significant, accurate and sensitive in the prediction of the general distributive position of an individual or particular group of subjects in relation to the measured contractile characteristics. Conclusions. The obtained results can generally indicate the stability of potential to exert the given contractile characteristic in relation to the population of similar evolutionary (Slavs) at different geographical background.
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How to prevent COVID-19 by means of a daily micronutrition protocol? An overview
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Aim. Coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, has officially been declared as a pandemic, and the world now has to manage this pandemic disease as a major public health issue at different levels, not only from a political aspect, but also from an individual aspect at the lower end of the scale. The goal of this paper is to focus on how individuals could optimize their health, and particularly their immune systems, to reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections by means of a daily micronutrition strategy. Material and Methods. A narrative review was conducted on 85 articles evaluating the mechanisms which allow vitamin D, vitamin C and Zinc to lower viral replication rates and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine storm. Furthermore, we focus on high-risk populations with the prism of deficiency of these vitamins and this mineral. Results. According to literature, it seems that Zinc and vitamins C and D, particularly when taken as supplementation at an early stage, could be clinically useful micronutrients as adjuvant therapies in the prevention of deficiency amplification in COVID-19 unaffected and at-risk populations, and/or in the treatment of severe forms in affected patients. Conclusion. Further randomized control trials through the use of genomics and metabolomic techniques are needed in order to understand the role of these micronutrients in the treatment of severe forms of the COVID-19 disease in different types of at-risk populations.
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Статья научная
Introduction. This study investigated the impact of specific training on the explosive force and agility of players during the preparatory phase of basketball, handball and volleyball. Aim. The purpose of this study was to notice the differences between sports and improvements during the preparatory phase and in the future to serve the coaches in preparing better sport specific programs. Materials and Methods. The research sample was chosen among students of the University of Prishtina Faculty of PES. The sample was split in three groups. The first group was composed of 15 students who were active basketball players in different Super league teams. The second group was composed of 15 students who were active handball players while the third group was composed of 15 students who were active volleyball players. Seven different motor tests were used to determine the explosive force and agility: Leonardo Jumping Test, the Long Jump, the Seated Medicine Ball Throw, the 20-Meter Speed Test, the Agility T-Test, the Illinois Agility Test and the Hexagon Agility Test. LEJUTE were applied using Leonardo Mechanography GRFP STD. Results. The variable analysis showed that the training programs for basketball, volleyball, and handball increased the explosive force and agility of the players. The process of increasing agility occurs when explosive force and speed are developed as a precondition for improving balance and coordination. Conclusions. We can conclude that due to the higher priority and importance given in the preparatory phase from basketball clubs to agility and explosive force training, the students engaged in professional basketball clubs have shown better results overall.
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Identifying objective differences between voluntary and involuntary motion in biomechanics
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In 1947, N.A. Bernstein hypothesized “repetition without repetition”. Therefore, the problem of recording objective differences between voluntary and involuntary movements in biomechanics arises, which was the purpose of these studies. Materials and methods. A group of men (age = 27 ± 1.8 YO) was examined according to tremor (involuntary movements) and tapping parameters (voluntary movements). Results. Pairwise Comparison Matrices were created for each subject. It was found that for tremor, the number of k samples pairs (which statistically coincided) did not exceed kTR ≤ 5% in these matrices, and for tapping kTp ≤ 12%. Conclusion. All the matrices for all the subjects showed the lack of statistical stability of the samples (for both tremor and tapping). This is the proof of N.A. Bernstein hypothesis and the Eskov - Zinchenko effect. However, the kTp number is always 2-3 times greater than the kTR number, which is an objective assessment of the differences between voluntary (tapping) and involuntary movement (tremor).
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Aim. To analyze such means of impact on the body as balanced nutrition and psychophysical self-regulation techniques from a physiology perspective. Materials and Methods. The paper covers the data of multi-year research involving the participants of different age and levels of physical fitness. The study used analytical review of the modern academic literaure and psychophysiological methods: electroencephalography, electrocardiography, and recording of neurodynamic indicators. Results. Features of metabolism influenced by various types of nutrition are analyzed; metabolic effects produced on the hormone activity at different phases of circadian rhythms are described. It is shown that psychophysical relaxation exercises have a positive impact on the functional state of the heart and central nervous system in athletes and people not engaged in sports. The results allowed the authors to give exact recommendations on the balanced nutrition and relaxation exercises, for athletes as well. Conclusion. The effective means of the functional state control are impacts on the hormone system (balanced diet) and central nervous system (psychophysical relaxation system).
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Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and muscular strength of Turkish elite moutain bikers. Materials and methods. The study group consisted of 12 Turkish elite male mountain bikers who participating in national and international cross country olimpic (XCO) mountain bike races in elite category for the last 2 years. Participants mean age was 22.4 ± 3.4 years, body height was 173.2 ± 5.18 cm, and body mass was 55.7 ± 75.2 kg. Participants body height and weigth were measured and body mass index of participants was calculated. To determine the muscular strength, one repetition maximum (1-RM) tests were performed on participants. The association between anthropometric characteristics and the muscular strength performance were determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results. The mean of body heigth was positively correlated with 1-RM means for triceps pull-down and leg extension, body weigth was positively correlated with 1-RM means for biceps curl, triceps pull-down, shoulder press, lat pulldown, abdominal crunch, leg extension and leg curl, BMI was positively correlated with 1-RM means for shoulder press, chest press and leg curl (p
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Iterative restoration of X-ray images taken in x-pinch rays
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Imaging in X-pinch rays produces records of several superimposed components of an object image from several radiation focuses separated in space. The present paper studies the feasibility of restoring an arbitrary chosen true component through the removal of the non-true one by the example of two experimental images with two superimposed components. The generalized discrete blurring model and iterative restoration algorithm used are described. It is shown that standard boundary conditions give satisfactory results for «Ant» image but «Pinch» image requires a special image extrapolation approach based on the fitting of reflection direction relative to the boundary for each reproduced structure.
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MS Wellness-Oxi в физическом воспитании студентов с отклонениями в состоянии здоровья
Статья научная
Цель: экспериментальное обоснование использования электронного анализатора состава тела (MS FIT) для повышения психоэмоционального и функционального состояния студентов с различными нозологиями. Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие студенты первого курса специальной медицинской группы (СМГ) Российского экономического университета им. Г.В. Плеханова (n = 40). На констатирующем этапе эксперимента проведено исследование психофизиологического и функционального состояния студентов с помощью функциональной системы фитнес тестирования MS WELLNESS-OXi. Полученные при обследовании участников эксперимента рекомендации (MS FIT) к организации, содержанию и интенсивности занятий физическими упражнениями были внедрены в процесс физического воспитания экспериментальной группы N1 (n = 20). В контрольной группе N2 (n = 20) учебный процесс проходил по рабочей программе вуза для студентов СМГ. Применялись методы: (мультичастотный) анализ состава тела, оценка кожно-гальванической реакции, ритмограмма, цифровой анализ пульсовой волны, методы математической статистики. Результаты. С помощью MS FIT в группе N1, по сравнению с группой N2, зафиксировано выраженное повышение функциональных возможностей организма. Выявлены положительные достоверные результаты (p function show_abstract() { $('#abstract1').hide(); $('#abstract2').show(); $('#abstract_expand').hide(); }
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Methods of mental health maintenance in teachers experiencing emotional stress
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Aim. The article deals with justifying theoretically and describing the authors’ methods of mental health maintenance in teachers experiencing emotional stress. Materials and methods. The proposed methods of mental health maintenance in teachers are based on the ideas of psychosomatics (S. Freud and I. Malkina-Pykh) and non-directive psychotherapy (C. Rogers). Three groups of methods have been described: self-analysis of a current life situation, energy recovery in teachers, and self-regulation of emotions in group interaction. Results. The authors studied neuro-psychological stress in teachers using Nemchin’s method. At the summative stage of the experiment, it was established that 56% of teachers experienced high neuro-psychological stress, and 26% - average. In 2018, the methods described were implemented at one of the comprehensive schools of the Russian Federation. The results of control diagnostics demonstrate a significant decrease in neuro-psychological stress in teachers who implemented these methods of mental health maintenance. This proves the effectiveness of the solutions proposed. Conclusion. This article contributes to the theoretical data on mental health maintenance in modern teachers. The scientific novelty and practical importance of this study are connected with the developed methods of mental health maintenance in teachers. The methods proposed can be used in practice for improving teachers’ expertise both in Russia and abroad.
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Статья научная
Aim. The research aimed to highlight the importance of morphological parameters and handgrip muscle force contractility in the selection of fifteen-year-old water polo players of various performance levels. Materials and Methods. The present research was conducted with a sample of 103 examinees, 37 out of whom belonged to the control group (CG), 33 were U15 water polo national league players (WNL), and 33 were water polo players from Serbian U15 national team (WNT). Besides the basic morphological parameters, the contractile properties of the left and right handgrip muscle force (HG_L and HG_R) were measured exploring two separate dimensions of contractility: maximal muscle force - Fmax, and maximal explosive force - RFDmax. Results. The research results showed the existence of a general statistically significant difference between the three groups of participants, both in morphological space (Wilks' Lambda Value: 0.333, F relation: 11.61, p = 0.000) and in muscle force and explosivity (Wilks' Lambda Value: 0.590, F relation: 3.31, p = 0.000). In addition, the results indicated that the WNT players had higher values of Fmax and RFDmax than the CG participants (32.8% for Fmax_HG_R and 63.7% for RFDmax_HG_R) and the WNL players (28.8% for Fmax_HG_L and 43.0% for RFDmax_HG_R). This suggests that the higher values of handgrip maximal explosive force and maximal muscle force may be attributed to adaptive training effects on their upper extremities. Conclusion. The results of the present study suggest that the contractile characteristics of the handgrip muscle force (Fmax and RFDmax) as well as morphological parameters (body height and body mass) are significant in the selection of U15 water polo players.
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Neuronal mechanisms of the beneficial mood effects of physical excercise
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Aim. The current work aims to summarize the experimental data (from author’s and other laboratories) on the neuronal mechanism of the mood effect of physical exercise and to suggest a potential mood-stabilizing mechanism of physical activity. Materials and Methods. Physical Depression is a brain disorder characterized by severe emotional, cognitive, neuroendocrine, and somatic dysfunctions. Based on this concept, the author performed a review of experimental data on various ways to manage depression including medical treatment and physical exercise. Results. Although the last generation of antidepressant drugs demonstrates improved clinical efficacy and safety, the onset of their clinical effect is still significantly delayed from the beginning of the treatment course, and significant number of patients show lack of adequate response to these drugs and/or relapse of the disease even after initially successful treatment. Certain non-pharmaceutical strategies are used as adjuncts or replacements to antidepressant drugs when the formers are ineffective. One of such strategies is the voluntary physical exercise. Conclusions. Voluntary physical exercise can be an adjunct physiotherapeutic treatment in depression, given together with the pharmacotherapy, e.g., with SSRIs. One of the potential mechanisms of action of physical exercise in depression is stimulation of basic and/or reversal of the SSRI-induced inhibition of 5-HT tone. Other potential mechanisms, such as neuropeptide pathways, should be investigated in the future studies.
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Aim. The study aims to determine the normative values of the physical and motor skills in children aged 4-7 living in Turkey (Sakarya) based on age and gender, and to compare these data with the WHO data and with the literature of selected other countries. Materials and methods. The sample consisted of 777 primary schoolchildren (383 girls and 394 boys) aged 4-7 years. They were students at the “Private Şahin Schools” in the Sakarya province of Turkey. The height, weight, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Percentage, Standing Broad Jump, Straight Arm Hang, Agility Shuttle Run 10×5 meters, Sit and Reach, Plate Tapping, Flamingo Balance Floor Test, Flamingo Balance, Coordination Test, Sit Up, 20 Meters Shuttle Run, and Maximum Oxygen Intake VO2max tests were included in this study. In computing the average, standard deviation, and percentile values of the physical and motor values of the study group, the SPSS 22 Program was employed (frequencies and percentiles). Results. The results of each test determined the averages and normative values according to age and gender, together with 20 % groups for the anthropometric and psychomotor parameters of 4-7-year-old girls and boys. Also, a comparison was made with WHO data and the literature data of other countries. Conclusion. The current research determined the norms in the main motor and anthropometric skills for ages 4 to 7 based on age and gender in children living in Turkey (Sakarya province). The main motor and anthropometric skills play an important and necessary role in the proper and comprehensive development of a child. In this study, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the genders in anthropometric, psychomotor and functional characteristics in children aged 4-7 years.
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Optimal combination of training influences on the preparation of elite judokas in the annual cycle
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Aim. The paper is aimed at the elaboration and scientific argumentation of the optimum relationship between different components of elite judokas’ preparation during the annual training cycle. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the national judo male team of the Republic of Moldova (n = 24, 18-25 years). The research was focused on the elaboration of experimental methods for judokas’ preparation during the annual training cycle by using physical, technical-tactical, competitive and recovery training. A pre-competitive training mezzo-cycle (MzC) was planned by distributing the effort parameters to 5 micro-cycles (MiC-s), calculating the mean, ±SD and the correlation between the indicators of training MiC-s by using the Spearman Rank Correlation nonparametric test. The detailed analysis of the annual training plan highlights its structure formed of three periods, 12 MzC-s, and the relationship between physical, technical - tactical and recovery training. Results. The results of the statistical calculations reveal (mean; ±SD) the number of days per MiC, namely 3.6 ± 0.89 days; total duration per MiC - 280.35 ± 35.1 min; total duration per training session - 80.77±17.3 min; total duration of general physical training (GPT) 24.51±10.1 min; and of special training (ST) - 45.3 ± 56.3 min. Effort ratio per MiC is 19.08 ± 2.5 %; GPT is 30.0 ± 9.9 %, ST -70.0 ± 9.9 % and the ST means - 129.34 ± 42.92 reps; RANDOURI and SHIAI - 10 ± 5.0 min. The characteristics of elite judokas’ pre-competitive training and the correlation of effort parameters in the pre-competitive period were also analyzed. Conclusion. The results reveal strong correlations between all the indicators of effort and training means in each MiC of elite judokas’ pre-competitive training, which confirms that the combination of different training components improves motor skills and technical-tactical mastery.
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