Статьи журнала - Человек. Спорт. Медицина
Все статьи: 2280
Comparison, statistics and analysis of the techniques used in table tennis
Статья научная
In our research, we chose 28 matches of two top table tennis players from China and analyzed the methods they used in each match.
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Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this research is to develop objective quantitative criteria to characterize and assess the leading components of a low start in athletic sprint. Materials and Methods. The experiment involved 14 athletes of different qualification, age, height and weight. We registered 42 starts at 30 m. maximum sprint.Using original computer-based testing methodology with a three-dimensional force platform and specialized software, we distinguished 11 strength and time partials, 8 integral strength impulses and 7 complex indicators, characterizing the third step. Results. It was found that among the achievements of a 30 m. and 5 m. max sprint from a low start there is r = 0.96. The Parameter “Effort Time to Maximum Power Value” has a value of r = 0.83. The integral “Impulse of the force in front support” is equal r = -0.40 and the complex “Time criteria - K6” equals 0.81. Conclusions. It is found that a significant criterion for the evaluation of sport technique is the “Time for the whole process of force impact during the third step of the start” while the “average strength during the entire supporting phase of the third step after the start” is notinformative for a micro modeling. For the level of sports performance, the shortest moment of ejection is positive compared to a depreciation phase. Conclusions set out top-level benchmarks criteria and models and outline an objective basis for optimizing performance in athletic sprint.
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Creativity - modern requirement for football training
Статья научная
Aim. The article deals with justifying creative trainings for football players. Materials and methods. The article is based on the study and logical analysis of psychological, pedagogical and methodical literature; synthesis of the advanced experience in the theory and practice of team sports training; synthesis of concepts and theoretical points. Results. The peculiarity of competitions in sports games is that the player should know what exactly is to be done in a given situation and be able to perform necessary actions in compliance with the targets. The efficiency of actions during the game is determined by the level of mental preparedness and special knowledge. Motor coordination only implements the action plan. This indicates the need to enhance the role of creative training in the structure of sports preparation. The intellectual component of training activities consists of the interaction between motor and mental abilities, the development of decision-making skills based on a systematic analysis of game situations, information processing, motor planning. Creative training is aimed at the development of mental abilities (perception, analysis, synthesis, decision-making). This implies such a pedagogical activity, which improves player’s mental abilities and provides the player with knowledge about actions in a given situation. Conclusion. Modern methods of football training should be developed with the focus on its intellectual component. Creativity is aimed at preparing an athlete to achieve an advantage in a game situation based on the most effective application of physical abilities and theoretical provisions.
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Статья научная
Aim. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Crossfit training in order to minimize performance loss of elite wrestlers during 30-day rest period. Materials and Methods. Total 23 elite male wrestlers who competed at the last national championship participated in this study. The participants were divided into two groups as Crossfit and control group. The Crossfit group performed 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups and 15 squat exercises consecutively (Crossfit-Cindy) for total 20-min, during the 30-day period, 6 days per week. The Control group did not perform any exercise programs during this period. Before and after the 30-day period, athletes were applied anthropometric measurements as well as VO2max (aerobic capacity), bench press and squat (maximal dynamic strength), leg and handgrip strength (isometric strength), pull-up and push-up (strength endurance) tests. Results. After the 30-day period in the control group, body weight and body fat percentage (BF %) increased significantly, whereas all performance variables decreased significantly. Maximal dynamic strength and aerobic capacity values decreased significantly in the Crossfit group, while body weight, body fat percentage, isometric strength and strength endurance values were maintained. Moreover, the decrease in VO2max and bench press tests was higher in the control group than in the Crossfit group. Conclusion: Consequently, the present study showed that 20-min Crossfit training was highly effective in maintaining the form of elite wrestlers during a 30-day rest period.
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Статья обзорная
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Статья обзорная
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Daily physical activity and sedentary (inactive) behaviour of adults from Surgut
Статья научная
International Physical Activity Questionnaire is commonly applied today to obtain internationally comparable data on health-related physical activity (PA). Aim. The purpose of the article is to determine the level and structure of daily physical activity in a sample of permanent residents of Surgut using the international IPAQ questionnaire. Methods. In this study, the author have made the first attempt for the last 20 years to apply a Russian version of the IPAQ to obtain data on the habitual physical activity and sedentary behavior of the Surgut city population on a sample of 1552 people (717 men and 835 women aged 34.4 ± 12.6 years) dominated by intellectual workers. Results. On the whole, the PA reported by the subjects was classified as of low (40.7 %), moderate (36.3 %) and vigorous (23.0 %) intensity. Physical activity was reported to average 25 min/day at work (23; 26 Confidence Interval [CI]); 17 min/day for transport (16; 19 CI); 18 min/day at home (17, 19 CI); and 12 min/ day at discretional (leisure) time (11, 13 CI). Dispersion analysis showed the work time PA reported notably higher for men (F (1, 1550) = = 26.676, p = 0.0000) and the transport time PA higher for women (F (1, 1550) = 21.801, p = 0.0000). The leisure-time PA was found gender-unspecific: F (1, 1550) = 0.00191, p = 0.9652). The sampled women reported more time spent for the housework: F (1, 1550) = 39.338, p = 0.0000. The sedentary behavior was found to average 405 ± 125 min/day (6.75 hours per day that is the lower limit of the health risk zone) irrespective of the gender: F (1, 1550) = 1.3332, p = 0.2484. The study identified a few groups of people reporting variable combinations of sedentary behavior with moderate to vigorous physical activity per week. Conclusion. The study found that special PA optimization programs are critically needed to effectively scale down the share of inactive and increase the share of reasonably active population, advance the leisure-time PA and minimize the sedentary habits.
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Статья научная
Aim. The paper aims to determine the anaerobic threshold (AnT) power level using heart rate (HR) data from different age groups of skilled skiers (from 1st adult sports category to International-level Master of Sports). Materials and methods. The group consisted of 19 cross-country skiers: females (n = 4) and males (n = 6) of the senior age group; juniors aged 19-20 years (n = 4); males (n = 3) and females (n = 2). To determine the anaerobic threshold level (AnT), the participants were asked to perform step-increasing load (double poling) on the Concept 2 SkiErg ski ergometer. Physical activity was adjusted by the PerfPRO computer program, designed for ergometers using the ANT+ system. Instrumental methods and methods of mathematical statistics were used for the purpose of the study. Results. It was found that regardless of the age group and sports skills, heart rate at the AnT level was in the range of 174.98 ± 1.67 bpm. At the same time, power at the AnT level increased by 55.15 ± 11.12 watts (W) for males and 30.09 ± 7.42 W for females on average with increase in sports skills and transition between age groups. Con-clusion. Our study shows that the non-invasive method of determining the AnT level by heart rate is an informative tool for evaluating physical performance, which can be used to identify significant metabolic changes and control the training process. The increase in physical performance is based on the increase in contractile power at the AnT level.
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The SERA treatment planning system is being adapted to the NG-121 fast neutron facility used at Snezhinsk Neutron Therapy Center, Russia. This requires a computer model of the neutron facility that would match the SERA input format and provide adequately accurate results within a reasonable time. The detailed description of the facility cannot be used in SERA calculations because of its awkwardness, long time for dose calculation, and the requirement that the source must be defined as an energy-angle distribution of neutrons on a plane. First we made the detailed description of the neutron facility in the format of input data for the universal code PRIZMA which is a main tool for Monte-Carlo neutron transport simulations at RFNC-VNIITF. The detailed model of the generator was verified through comparison between calculated and experimental data. Then we considered a number of simplified models in which the neutron source was defined as a source on a plane. The source plane was defined in three positions: at the collimator's outlet, at the collimator's inlet, and near the real source. Only the third model provided a good agreement of results. Further analysis into the importance of neutrons in different regions of the third model showed the regions where they were of low importance that allowed us to limit the neutron tracking region by a truncated cone and significantly reduce the dose calculation time. Doses calculated along the neutron beam axis by PRIZMA, SERA and MCNP5 agree well.
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Aim. Successful education of children with disabilities depends on teachers’ professionalism. Physical Education teachers demonstrate a lack of psychological readiness to implement inclusive education. Therefore, the aim of this article is the projecting and approbation of the development system of psychological readiness in P.E. teachers for inclusive education including its cognitive, emotional, axiological and reflexive components. Materials and Methods. The study was performed on the basis of the theory of attitudes (L. Lange, R. Cialdini, D.N. Uznadze, S.L. Rubinstein). The diagnostic tools for revealing the level of cognitive, emotional, axiological and reflexive components of the psychological readiness in PE teachers for inclusive education were developed. The study was conducted in 2016-2017. 673 PE teachers of the Chelyabinsk region took part in the study at different stages. The psychological readiness of the majority of respondents (39.6 %) was below the average. The training experience of P. E. teachers in France, presented by the scientific partners of the Higher School of Teaching and Education of University within Picardie Jules Verne under the Academy of Amiens was studied. Results. The development system of psychological readiness in teachers for inclusive education was developed, based on the experience of positive pedagogical practices of P.E. teachers in Russia and France. This system assumes the training of teachers in gradually more complicated stages: a) solving situational problems that represent the problematic aspects of the activity of P.E. teachers working with children with disabilities; b) conducting reflexive sessions, in which teachers become acquainted with the psychology of a special child and identify themselves with him; с) formation of stress resistance in teachers, prevention of their professional burnout. Conclusion. The experimental stage of the study showed that the adoption of such a system contributed to a positive change in the indicators of psychological readiness of teachers for the implementation of inclusive education. The system is recommended for use in wide practice.
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Development of speed manifestation forms during physical education classes at university
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of our research was to elaborate and assess the method for the development of speed as a motor skill applied in the experimental study with the mention that all the methods can be reunited in the form of the repetition method with four related procedures. Materials and methods. The experimental study took place during the academic year 2016/2017 and was carried out in groups of students-volunteers from faculties within Lower Danube University of Galaţi. The study implied 56 hours for the development and assessment of speed as a motor skill. Results. The tests used allowed us to assess all the important forms of speed manifestation and their combinations with other motor skills. The obtained results and statistical calculations demonstrated viability and effectiveness of our experimental curriculum. The correlative analysis highlighted the connections that exist between the different forms of speed manifestation, but also the differences that occur depending on sex and other characteristics of each analyzed group. Conclusion. The results obtained allow us to assess objectively the level of speed manifestation in students, but they are also a wake-up call regarding students’ deficiency in physical training and anaerobic effort capacity, specific to the intense actions that characterize the development and manifestation of this skill, which is extremely difficult to improve.
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Development of strength in the classes of physical education from students in prison
Статья научная
Aim. Muscle strength development is a priority of physical education and sports activities for all training cycles, due to the importance that the motor skills, strength - with its forms of manifestation and combinations with other skills - has in the manifestation of students’ motor potential. The aim of our research was to study strength - with its forms of manifestation and combinations with other skills in special education in prison regime, which imposes distinct measures of approaching to educational process. Materials and methods. The study took place at Tichilesti Special Secondary School (Braila County) with prison regime for minors and youth, during the school year 2016-2017, for both semesters. The study was divided into two distinct stages, differentiated in two main learning units, i.e. in the first semester - 18 lessons and in the second semester - 8 lessons. Results. The statistical processing of the results - obtained by the students from the experimental group - highlights a strong and significant progress for all used tests, which confirms the statistic hypothesis and strengthens the privileged position that the work in circuit method holds in school physical education, in order to optimize the muscle strength. Conclusion. The results obtained through the implementation of the experimental curriculum confirm its importance and viability but the fact that the control group achieves significant and similar performance leaps to the experimental group, demonstrates that the other traditional methods of muscle strength education are useful and that they cannot be removed from the training process.
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Статья научная
Aim. Optimal balance between training intensity and recovery is of particular importance for elite swimmers in order to improve their results. The aim of this study was to record the dynamics of training distress, performance, and excretion of cortisol and cortisone in urine during six weeks of training in elite swimmers. Materials and Methods. Twenty-four participants (10 women and 14 men) from the national swimming team of Bulgaria took part in this study, with an average age of 18.7 ± 3.78 years. Training distress (TDS) and urine concentration of cortisol and cortisone were evaluated every two weeks. In total, the measurements were taken on the 1-st (T1), 14-th (T2), 28-th (T3) and 42-nd days (T4). Anthropometric measurements were also taken at T1 and T4, and body fat percentage and muscle mass percentage were calculated by skinfold methods. Results. The TDS score at T4 (6.92 ±7.15) was significantly lower than this at T1 (14.96 ± 10.63) and T2 (15.21 ± 12.44). The concentrations of cortisol at T3 (35.9 ± 47.7) and T4 (35.0 ± 24.2) were also significantly lower than that registered at T1 (82.7 ± 62.8). The concentration of cortisone did not show any significant differences across T1 to T4, but the sum of cortisol and cortisone urine concentration was significantly lower in T3 and T4 vs T1. Conclusion. The significantly reduced cortisol concentration in urine in T4, as well as the sum of the concentrations of cortisol and cortisone, were in line with the reduction of the TDS score in T4.
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Aim. Present study aimed to identify the effect of an inspiratory muscle strength training program versus sham inspiratory muscle strength training program on the dyspnoea arising from unsupported arm elevation in COPD patients. Materials and Methods. Forty four COPD patients (U-40 to U-50) and with severe COPD (FEV1 = 50-70 % of predicted) were recruited and assigned to an experimental (EXP) or control group (CON). The training program consisted of 5 sessions/wk, (6 × 3 minute bouts of loaded breathing with 2 minutes rest periods between bouts) during 10 wk. Results. The outcome measured included airway obstruction (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and PEFR), inspiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure (PI, max)), and exercise capacity (six minute walk distance test (6MWDT)). Our inspiratory muscle strength training program improves of all parameters of the EXP, but no significant improve is at the level of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR, 6MWDT, SpO2 before and after 6MWDT, PI, max, and dyspnoea (VAS) after sham inspiratory muscle strength training program for CON. FEV1 before training for EXP was (54,81 ± 3,53) and after training improved into (70,87 ± 1,54) while for CON was (77,81 ± 6,00) before training and (77,93 ± 5,8) after training. Conclusion. Our study found that SIMT by using threshold loading device resulted in improve pulmonary function indices and then alleviate symptoms and improve UAE performance, in addition to develop dyspnoea. Therefore, S-SIMT didn’t lead to develop breathing symptoms, pulmonary function, and accessory muscles strength then effected on arm elevation.
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Effect of assisted training on the special running preparation of junior sprinters for 100 and 200 m
Статья научная
Aim. To test the effect of the assisted training tools on the most important indicators affecting speed development and the results in 100 and 200 min junior sprinters. Particular tasks were chosen to test the effect of assisted training on the development of speed, maximum speed, and speed endurance. Materials and methods. The study included a group of 8 junior athletes and lasted seven weeks (the pre-competition mesocycle - 4 weeks; competition mesocycle - 3 weeks). The study focused on the assisted training tools having crucial importance for the results in 100 and 200 m. The effect of these tools on the development of speed, sprint, and speed endurance was tested by establishing the correlations between them. Results. The study revealed that using the 30 m series with assisted training promotedthe maximum speed and start acceleration. There was also a strong correlation between 30 m assisted speed and the result in 100 m, which indicated that this training tool improved both the starting acceleration and maximum speed development. Also, it was found out that the 200 m result depended on 30 m AST run and the 100 m time. Conclusion. The results showed that using assisted training tools promoted speed development by the improvement of the nervous and muscular capacity in young sprinters.
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Effect of different fitness programs on the morphological parameters of women aged 30-40 years
Статья научная
Aim. The article deals with establishing the features of changes in the morphological parameters of women aged 30-40 years involved in different fitness programs at the basic stage. Materials and methods. 85 women aged 30-40 years participated in different fitness programs during 9 weeks: 17 - gym, 19 - traditional aerobics, 17 - strength aerobics, 17 - functional training, 15 - fitness-yoga. 60-minute fitness lessons were conducted 3 times per week. We measured the following parameters: height, weight, body circumference, skin-fat fold volume, the absolute and relative values of the muscle and fat tissues. Results. In women, body mass reduces under the effect of gym training, traditional aerobics, and functional training. The reduction of body circumference measurements occurs under the effect of gym training, traditional aerobics, strength aerobics, and functional training. Muscle mass increases as a result of gym training and decreases after traditional aerobics. The absolute and relative mass of the fat tissue reduces under the effect of gym training, traditional aerobics, and functional training. Conclusion. Different fitness programs influence differently morphological status in women aged 30-40 years.
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Effect of eight weeks of exercise training on lung function in patients with pulmonary fibrosis
Статья научная
Aim. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of eight weeks of exercise training on lung function in PF patients. Material and Methods. Forty eight patients diagnosed with PF were participated in our training program which mainly consisted of a 8-week exercise training program. Pulmonary function tests, 6MWD, dyspnoea were evaluated at baseline and after the program. Our exercise training program involved thoracic expansion exercises, pursed-lips breathing, upper and lower extremity exercises combined with breathing control; exercises also included arm raising and knee extensions, diaphragmatic breathing exercises, and a walking program (15-30 min/day). Results. Our study showed that the 8-week-long exercise training program performed in PF patients significantly improved pulmonary function tests, 6MWD, and reduced dyspnea severity during daily life activities. Significant increase was showed in the exercise capacity of our patients after the exercise training program. Conclusions. The exercise training program may be beneficial to improve functional capacity of patients with PF by decreasing dyspnea and increasing exercise capacity. Thus, we recommend that exercise training programs, which are tailored to the individual needs of patients with PF, should be included in the treatment plan. Nevertheless, further studies, featuring larger patient and control groups, are needed to confirm the effectiveness of exercise training in PF patients.
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Effect of physical activity and haemoglobin levels on cardiorespiration
Статья научная
This study aims to determine: 1) the effect of physical activity on cardiorespiration, 2) the effect of haemoglobin levels on cardiorespiration, 3) the effect of physical activity and haemoglobin levels on cardio respiration, and 4) the contribution of physical activity and haemoglobin levels to cardiorespiration. The research method used is a survey method. The respondents of this study were 194 students of the Department of Sport Education, Faculty of Sports Science, Yogyakarta State University (FIK UNY) who were taken randomly. The data used are respondents' cardiorespiratory rate, physical activity, and hemoglobin levels, which are measured using instruments such as multi-stage tests, Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and hemoglobin haemometer. The data analysis technique used a regression test. The results showed that at a significance value of 0.001
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Effect of postural balance on changes in the electrocardiography parameters of wrestlers
Статья научная
Aim. The article deals with forecasting electrocardiogram changes (ECG) in athletes using stabilometric parameters. Materials and methods. 77 elite athletes aged 16-18 participated in the study (Candidate for Master of Sport, Master of sport: judo, taekwondo). To reveal cardiac conductivity disturbances and heart rhythm disorders, we used veloergometry. To assess postural balance, we used stabilometric equipment. Results. We registered incomplete right bundle branch block (IRBBB) in 5 athletes (22.72 %), extrasystoles - in 10 athletes (45.45 %), early repolarization syndrome (ERS) - in 3 athletes (13.63 %), sinoatrial block (SB) - in 2 athletes (9.09 %), pacemaker migration - in 2 athletes (9.09 %). The standard deviation of center of pressure (CoP) in the frontal plane in athletes with ECG changes in the natural standing position exceeded values of athletes without ECG changes by 94.93 % with the eyes opened; by 121.09 % with the head turned to the left; by 71.05 % with the head turned to the left and the eyes closed; by 61.98 % with the head turned to the right. We built a mathematical model. Conclusion. We studied the peculiarities of ECG changes in athletes. The parameters of stabilometry in athletes both with and without ECG changes were statistically significant (p
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Статья научная
Aim. To investigate the effects of a 6-week of controlled exercise program followed by a semi-controlled dietary regimen on indicators of body fat mass (BF) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) of adults. Materials and methods. The sample consisted of 28 particpants with the main characteristics of the sample being: age = 29.70 ± 8.35 years, body height (BH) = 177.35 ± 9.36 cm, and body mass (BM) = 105.20 ± 27.06 kg. Body composition parameters, BM, body fat mass (BF), trunk fat (TF), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), percent of body fat (PBF), percent of skeletal muscle mass (PSMM), body mass index (BMI), and index of hypokinesia (IH) were collected before and after six weeks of exercise program and semi-controlled diet regimen. A Paired sample T-test and effect size (ES) were used to determine the effects and their magnitude of the treatment applied. Results. A 6-week treatment significantly affected investigated variables, wherein BF (-6.75 kg, p < 0.001), TF (-3.28 kg, p < 0.001), and SMM (-0.91 kg, p = 0.003) tissue decreased in a different degree, leading to a small but highly significant increase in PSMM (2.60 %, p < 0.001). A decrease in BF and SMM resulted in a significant reduction in BMI, while IH decreased in a smaller degree than BMI because PBF and PSMM changed inversely. Conclusion. Six weeks of a controlled exercise program 3 times/week and semi-controlled diet is an effective approach to the reduction of BM, BF, and TF and to increasing the movement potential by changing the proportions of PBF and PSMM.
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