Турмархия Готия и византийский топотерит на Мангупе в конце Х - начале XI века

Бесплатный доступ

В статье рассматриваются обстоятельства одновременного появления в самом конце Х в. в центральной крепости Горного Крыма - Доросе византийского гарнизона во главе с топотеритом и учреждения в регионе отдельной турмархии Готия. Специальное изучение вопроса позволяет расширить представления о причинах и содержании военно-административной реформы. Исследование носит междисциплинарный характер. В нем учтены все имеющиеся сведения письменных, сфрагистических, эпиграфических и археологических источников о событиях, происходивших в Таврике в правление императора Василия II (976-1025). Учреждение в конце Х в. в Горном Крыму турмархии Готии и появление в Доросе византийского топотерита являются событиями, имевшими общие причины. В случае с турмархией речь идет о замысле по созданию в горной части полуострова самостоятельной административной структуры, которая должна была оперативно реагировать на внешние угрозы и со временем быть преобразованной в типичную для своей эпохи «малую» фему. Резиденцией турмарха являлась Мангупская крепость, где не позднее 994-995 гг. завершилась реконструкция фортификационных укреплений. Руководил этими работами византийский чиновник с титулом топотерит, стоявший во главе регулярного воинского подразделения и напоминающий по своим полномочиям известных со второй половины VIII в. топотеритов городов в пограничных провинциях империи. История турмархии в Горном Крыму была короткой и завершилась около середины XI века. Тем не менее ее появление и существование полностью соответствовало военно-административной практике Византии этого времени во многих регионах империи, где на опасных направлениях создавались многочисленные «малые» фемные структуры для сдерживания экспансии противника или закрепления империи на завоеванных территориях.

Еще

Горный крым, византия, мангуп, готия, дорос, цула, византийская фема, турмарх, топотерит

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/149144525

IDR: 149144525   |   DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.6.5

Список литературы Турмархия Готия и византийский топотерит на Мангупе в конце Х - начале XI века

  • Aibabin A.I. Evolyutsiya gorodov na Vnutrenney gryade Krymskikh gor v Srednie veka [The Evolution of Cities on the Inner Ridge of the Crimean Mountains in the Middle Ages]. Aibabin A.I., ed. Gorod na Vnutrenney gryade Krymskikh gor v Srednie veka i Novoe vremya: sb. nauch. st. [City on the Inner Ridge of the Crimean Mountains in the Middle Ages and Modern Times]. Simferopol, Antiqua Publ., 2022, pp. 7-85.
  • Alekseienko N.A. Novye nakhodki molivdovulov roda Tsuly v Khersone [New Finds of Molybdoboulloi of the Tsoula Family in Kherson]. Drevnosti-1995. Kharkovskiy istorikoarkheologicheskiy ezhegodnik [Antiquities-1995. Kharkiv Historical and Archaeological Annual]. Kharkiv, Biznes Inform Publ., 1995, pp. 81-87.
  • Alekseienko N.A. Gotiya v structure vizantiyskoy sistemy v Tavrike vo vtoroy polovine X veka [Gothia in the Structure of the Byzantine System in Taurica in the Second Half of the 10th Century]. Khersonesskiy sbornik [Chersonesos Collection], 1998, iss. IX, pp. 230-235.
  • Alekseienko N.A. Vizantyskaya administratsiya na Bospore vo vtoroy polovine X v. (po dannym pamyatnikov sfragistiki) [Byzantine Administration in the Bosporos in the Second Half of the 10th Century (According to Sphragistic Monuments)]. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2006, iss. XII, pp. 564-570.
  • Alekseienko N.A. Torgovyy i voennyy port vizantiyskogo Khersona po dannym pechatey predstaviteley morskogo vedomstva imperii [Trade and Military Port of Byzantine Kherson according to the Seals of Representatives of the Maritime Department of the Empire]. Sugdeyskiy sbornik [Sugdeja Collection], 2008, iss. III, pp. 8-15.
  • Alekseienko N.A. Vizantiyskiy Kherson VI– XIII stoletiy v pamyatnikakh sfragistiki [Byzantine Cherson of the 6th – 13th Centuries in the Monuments of Sphragistics]. 1. Chinovniki Khersona VIII–XI vv. [Officials of Kherson 8th – 11th Centuries]. Sevastopol, Kolorit Publ., 2017. 474 p.
  • Alekseienko N.A. Gosudarstvennyy apparat Vizantii v XII v.: imperiya «pochtennykh» nobiley po dannym sfragistiki [The Twelfth-Century State Machinery of Byzantium: The Empire of “Venerable” Nobles According to Sigillographic Data]. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2019, iss. XXIV, pp. 407-422. DOI: 10.37279/2413-189Х
  • Alekseienko N.A., Tsepkov Yu. Katepanat v Tavrike: legendarnye svidetelstva ili istoricheskie realii [Katepanat in Taurica: Legendary Evidence or Historical Realities]. Khersonesskiy sbornik [Chersonesos Collection], 2012, iss. XVII, pp. 7-17.
  • Vinogradov A.Yu. Nadpis iz Tabana-dere: pyatsot let spustya [Inscription from Tabana-dere Ravine: 500 Years Later]. Antichnaya drevnost i srednie veka [Antiquities and the Middle Ages], 2009, vol. 39, pp. 262-271.
  • Vinogradov A.Yu. Toponymica Pontica 4. K voprosu o drevnem nazvanii Mangupa [Toponymica Pontica 4. On the Question of the Ancient Name of Mangup]. Alekseienko N.A., ed. XV Mezhdunarodnyy Vizantiyskiy seminar «Chersōnos themata: imperiya i polis»: materialy nauch. konf. [The 15th International Byzantine Seminar “Chersonos themata: ‘Empire’ and ‘Polis’. Materials of Scientific Conference”]. Simferopol, Arial Publ., 2023, pp. 53-56.
  • Jordanov I. Pechatite na Arkadiy strateg na Bospor (X–XI vv.) [Seals of Arcadios, of Strategos of Bosporos (Tenth to Eleventh Century]. Alekseienko N.A., ed. X Mezhdunarodnyy Vizantiyskiy seminar «Chersōnos themata: imperiya i polis»: materialy nauch. konf. [The 10th International Byzantine Seminar “Chersonos themata: ‘Empire’ and ‘Polis’. Materials of Scientific Conference”]. Sevastopol, IAK RAN Publ., 2018, pp. 87-90.
  • Litavrin G.G., ed. Kekaumenos. Sovety i rasskazy [Precepts and Anecdotes]. Saint Petersburg, Aletheia Publ., 2003. 711 p.
  • Litavrin G.G., Novoseltsev A.P., eds. Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Ob upravlenii imperiey [De administrando imperio]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1991. 496 p.
  • Kuzenkov P.V., Mogar ichev Yu.M., Sazanov A.V. K voprosu datirovki i interpretatsii Mangupskoy nadpisi iz Tabana-dere [On the Question of Dating and Interpretation of the Mangup Inscription from Tabana-dere]. Lebedinsky V.V., ed. Istoricheskie, kulturnye, mezhnatsionalnye, religioznye i politicheskie svyazi Kryma so Sredizemnomorskim regionom i stranami Vostoka: materialy VII Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. [Historical, Cultural, Interethnic, Religious and Political Connections of Crimea with the Mediterranean Region and the Countries of the East. Materials of the 7th International Scientific Conference]. Vol. 2. Moscow, Institute of Oriental Studies of Russian Academy of Science, 2023, pp. 9-13.
  • Mogarichev Yu.M., Sazanov A.V., Sorochan S.B. Krym v «khazarskoe» vremya (VIII – seredina X v.): voprosy istorii i arkheologii [Crimea in the “Khazar” Times (8th – 10th Centuries): Problems of History and Archeology]. Moscow, Neolit Publ., 2017. 744 p.
  • Mokhov A.S. Mikrostruktury vizantiyskoy voenno-administrativnoy sistemy v X–XI vv.: fema Serviya [Microstructures of the Byzantine Military- Administrative System in the 10th – 11th Centuries: Thema of Servia]. Izvestiya Uralskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 2. Gumanitarnye nauki [Izvestia of Ural State University. Series 2, Humanities], 2010, no. 3 (79), pp. 19-30.
  • Mokhov A.S. Vizantiyskaya armiya v seredine VIII – seredine IX v.: razvitie voennoadministrativnykh struktur [The Byzantine Army in the Mid-8th – Mid-9th Centuries: Development of Military-Administrative Structures]. Yekaterinburg, Ural University Publ., 2013. 278 p.
  • Mokhov A.S., Kapsalykova K.R. «Pust drugie rasskazyvayut o vygode i roskoshi, chto prinosit voyna»: vizantiyskaya polemologicheskaya traditsiya X–XI vv. [“Let Others Talk About the Benefits and Luxury That War Brings”: Byzantine Polemological Tradition of the 10th – 11th Centuries]. Yekaterinburg, Ural University Publ., 2019. 300 p.
  • Naumenko V.E. Tavrika v sisteme russkovizantiyskikh otnosheniy serediny X – nachala XI v. (istoriko-arkheologicheskiy kommentariy) [Taurika in Russian-Byzantine Relations in the Middle of the 10th – Early 11th C. (Historical and Archaeological Comment]. Alekseienko N.A., ed. Chersōnos themata: ‘imperiya’ i ‘polis’: sb. nauch. tr. [“Chersonos themata: ‘Empire’ and ‘Polis’. Collection of Scientific Papers”]. Sevastopol, Arefev Publ., 2013, pp. 169-206.
  • Naumenko V.E. K Diskussii o politikoadministrativnom statuse Bospora v X–XII vekakh [To the Discussion on the Political and Administrative Status of the Bosporan Kingdom in the 10th – 12th Centuries]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], 2016, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 67-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2016.5.6
  • Naumenko V.E. Dva primera rekonstruktsii Glavnoy linii oborony Mangupskoy kreposti v femnyy period istorii [Two Examples of the Reconstruction of the Main Defense Line of Mangup Fortress in the Theme Period of Its History]. Antichnaya drevnost i srednie veka [Antiquities and the Middle Ages], 2022, vol. 50, pp. 165-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2022.50.011
  • Naumenko V.E. Mangup-Doros v femnyy period istorii [Mangup-Doros in the Theme Period of Its History]. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2022, iss. XXVII, pp. 166-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189Х.2022.27.166-208
  • Stepanenko V.P. Tsula i Kherson v rossiyskoy istoriografii XIX–XX vv. [Tsula and Kherson in Russian Historiography of the 19th – 20th Centuries]. Rossiya i mir: panorama istoricheskogo razvitiya: sb. nauch. st., posvyashch. 70-letiyu istoricheskogo fakulteta Uralskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A.M. Gorkogo [Russia and the World: A Panorama of Historical Development. A Collection of Scientific Articles Dedicated to the 70th Anniversary of the Faculty of History of the Ural State University Named After A.M. Gorky]. Yekaterinburg, Volot Publ., 2008, pp. 27-35.
  • Stepanenko V.P. Vizantiya i Krym v postfemnyy period (konets XI – XII v.): k postanovke problemy [Byzantium and the Crimea in the Post- Thematic Period (Late Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries): The Problem Statement]. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2018, iss. XXIII, pp. 713-720. DOI: 10.37279/2413-189Х
  • Stepanenko V.P. Fema Sugdeya v XI v. [The Theme of Sugdaia in the Eleventh Century]. Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha [Transactions of the State Hermitage Museum], 2018, vol. 94: Materialy i issledovaniya Otdela numizmatiki: po materialam konferentsii «Sfragistika, numizmatika, geraldika srednevekovogo Kryma» [Materials and Researches of the Numismatics Department. Proceedings of the Conference “Sphragistics, Numismatics, Heraldry in the Medieval Crimea”], pp. 56-60.
  • Stepanenko V.P. Fema Bospor po dannym sigillografii [The Theme of Bosporos According to Sigillography]. Antichnaya drevnost i srednie veka [Antiquities and the Middle Ages], 2022, vol. 50, pp. 155-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2022.50.010
  • Chkhaidze V.N. Vizantiyskie pechati iz Tamani [Byzantine Seals from Taman]. Moscow, Institute of Archaeology of Russian Academy of Science, 2015. 202 p.
  • Chkhaidze V.N. Pechati Ioanna, arkhiepiskopa Gotii (X–XI vv.) [Seals of John, Archbishop of Gothia (10th – 11th Centuries)]. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya [Russian Archaeology], 2016, no. 2, pp. 169-174.
  • Chkhaidze V.N. Vizantiyskaya vlast na Bospore (poslednyaya chetvert XI – nachalo XIII v.) [Byzantine Power in the Bosporus (Last Quarter of the 11th – Beginning of the 13th Centuries)]. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2018, iss. XXIII, pp. 721-730. DOI: 10.37279/2413-189Х
  • Chkhaidze V.N. Vosstanovlenie vizantiyskoy vlasti na Bospore (poslednyaya chetvert XI v.) [Restoration of Byzantine Power in the Bosporus (Last Quarter of the 11th Century)]. Alekseienko N.A. ed. X Mezhdunarodnyy Vizantiyskiy seminar «Chersōnos themata: imperiya i polis»: materialy nauch. konf. [The 10th International Byzantine Seminar “Chersonos themata: Empire and Polis”. Proceedings of Scientific Conference]. Sevastopol, IAK RAN Publ., 2018, pp. 167-172.
  • Alekseyenko N.A. L’administration byzantine de Cherson. Catalogue des sceaux. Paris, ACHCbyz Publ., 2012. 268 p.
  • Alf’orov A. Some New Lead Seals Are from Archive of Kherson (Collection of Oleksii Sheremetiev). Sfragistychnyi shchorichnyk [Sphragistic Annual]. Kyiv, Sheremetievs’ Museum Publ., 2013, iss. IV, pp. 360-367.
  • Ivakin H., Khrapunov N., Seibt W., eds. Alf’orov A. A Seal of Michael, Archon and Doux of Matracha and All Khazaria (In Oleksii Sheremetiev’s Collection). Byzantine and Rus’ Seals. Proceedings of the International Colloquiuum on Rus’- Byzantine Sigillography (Kyiv, Ukraine, 13–16 September 2013). Kyiv, Sheremetievs’ Museum Publ., 2015, pp. 97-104.
  • Bury J.B. The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century. London, Oxford University Press Publ., 1911. 179 p.
  • Cheynet J.-C. Toparque et topotèrètès à la fin du XI siècle. Revue des études byzantines, 1984, t. 42, pp. 215-224.
  • Cheynet J.-C. Du stratège de thème au duc: chronologie de l’èvolution au cours du XI siècle. Travaux et mémoires, 1985, t. 9, pp. 181-194.
  • Cheynet J.-C., Morrison C., Seibt W. Les sceaux byzantins de la collection Henri Seyrig. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale Publ., 1991. 299 p.
  • Cheynet J.-C., Gökyıldırım T., Bulgurlu V. Les sceaux byzantins du Musée archéologique d’Istanbul. İstanbul, Istanbul Research Institute Publ., 2012. 1025 p.
  • Darrouzès J. Notitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae. Paris, Institut Français d’Études Byzantines Publ., 1981. 521 p.
  • Glukatzi-Ahrweiler H. Recherches sur l’administration de l’empire byzantine aux IX– XI siècles. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 1960, vol. 84, pp. 1-111.
  • Haldon J.F. Byzantine Praetorians. An Administrative, Institutional and Social Survey of the Opsikion and Tagmata, c. 580–900. Bonn, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GMBH, 1984. 669 p.
  • Jones A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire. 284–602. Vol. I–II. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press Publ., 1986. 1318 p.
  • Jordanov I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Vol. 1: Byzantine Seals with Geographical Names. Sofia, Agato Publ., 2003. 211 p.
  • Jordanov I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Vol. 2: Byzantine Seals with Family Names. Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2006. 548 p.
  • Kühn H.-J. Die Byzantinische Armee im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert. Studien zur Organisation der Tagmata. Wien, Verlag Fassbaender, 1991. 318 p.
  • Oikonomidès N. Les listes de préséance byzantines des IX et X siècles. Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Publ., 1972. 403 p.
  • Oikonomidès N. L’évolution de l’organisation administrative de l’Empire byzantin au XI siècle (1025–1118). Travaux et mémoires, 1976, t. 6, pp. 125-152.
  • Prigent V. Note sur le topotèrètès de cités en Italie méridionale durant les siècles obscurs. Studies in Byzantine Sigillography, 2006, vol. 9, pp. 145-158.
  • Seibt W. Was lehren die Siegel über die Verwaltung von Cherson im Mittelalter? Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta [Recueil des Travaux de l’Institut d’Études byzantines], 2013, vol. L/1, pp. 187-194.
  • Seibt W. Episkopos tēs Atelou. Residierte der Bischof von Atel in Chazaria (am Unteren Don)? Studies in Byzantine Sigillography, 2019, vol. 13, pp. 121-130. DOI: 10.1484/M.SBS-EB.5.116702
  • Wilson L. A Subaltern’s Fate. The Office of Tourmarch, Seventh Through Twelfth Century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 2015, vol. 69, pp. 49-70.
  • Zuckerman C. The End of Byzantine Role in North-Eastern Pontus. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii [Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria], 2017, iss. XXII, pp. 311-336. DOI: 10.37279/2413-189Х
Еще
Статья научная