Статьи журнала - International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies
Все статьи: 454
Machine Learning Based Analysis of Cellular Spectrum
Статья научная
One of the key issues of wireless communication networks is the spectrum crisis, and studies noted that static licensed bands are in the under-utilization stage. Recently Cognitive Radio Network facilitates a solution to minimize the spectrum crisis in which unlicensed users can utilize the licensed spectrum without transmission interference. To achieve this task we used Machine Learning techniques for analyzing spectrum occupancy which is an efficient method to analyze spectrum occupancy and provides high accuracy. Supervised machine learning algorithms namely Logistic regression, K nearest neighbor, and Naive Bayes are used to classify a given frequency band. In this paper we collect spectrum samples of GSM 900, 1800, and 2100 bands using Rohde & Schwarz FSH6 Handheld Spectrum Analyzer for developing a dataset, using that dataset we trained the classifiers and analyze their classification performance accuracy. Results have shown the best performance on the validation and testing partition for various Unweighted Average Recall (UAR) of each classifier. Here the Logistic Regression classifier learns the best representation from their feature vector. This research is helpful to measure the spectrum occupancy of different static allocated licensed bands for 24/7. This will give better ideas about spectrum utilization, future spectrum allocation and comfort to serve more users in the limited spectrum. The occupancy measurements of current allocated spectrums can not only provide a convincing basis for making future spectrum allocation policies, but also provide technical support for the development of new communication technologies.
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Managing Big Data: A Step towards Huge Data Security
Статья научная
Big data management (BDM) is the administration, management and governance of large volumes of all types of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data. Big data management is a blend of old and new best practices, teams, data types, skills, and home-grown or industrial-built functions and methods. Big Data Management is at the genesis of massive change to technology that will spur massive societal and industrial change. In this paper, different key factors kept in mind while managing big data are discussed along with the process of managing data so that organisations can get secure and accurate data. Further different developers have introduced methods have also been discussed and with it the main tools used in management of Big Data are introduced in this paper. BDM is suffering from many issues in the world are also explained here. Big Data Management deals with the integration, manipulation, quality and governance and management of Big Data including the key factors- Volume, Velocity and Variety of Big Data.
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Matlab Simulink of COST231-WI Model
Статья научная
Simulink is the integrated environment of system modelling and simulation, which is being widespread used. This paper describes the MATLAB visual simulation of the propagation path loss model for telecommunication systems. We simulated the whole process of COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami model with high accuracy, built a visual simulation frame and the path loss curves are given. This method can be used in studying other propagation path loss models in propagation environments.
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Статья научная
An accurate MATLAB-based CAD algorithm for quickly designing microstrip-based stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) low-pass filter is reported. The algorithm uses a circuit-theory approach to implement speedy computations, compared to the time-consuming computations involved in using electromagnetic theory. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is verified for two widely-different practical examples in the 0-4GHz frequency range, against results obtained using Ansoft/Ansys circuit simulation tool, and against results obtained using the 3D electromagnetic simulator HFSS. The agreement among the three sets of data is seen to be excellent for most cases, and is found to be practically acceptable in the worst-case.
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Статья научная
Real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity of Aviation Turbine Kerosine (Hydro-fined) JetA-1 and Aviation Turbine Kerosine (Copper-Sweetened) JetA-1 are measured over the wide frequency range 8-12 GHz using X-band rectangular cavity resonator. The measurement technique uses the cavity perturbation technique. The fuel sample is filled in thin capillary tube of low loss material. It is then inserted through a sample hole at the centre of the broader side of the waveguide cavity resonator. The sample shifts the resonance frequency. The resonance frequency and shift in resonance frequency are measured using PNA Network Analyzer (AT E8362C). Validity of present measurement technique has been checked by measuring the dielectric properties of well-known dielectric materials (Plexiglas). Due to lack of experimental data in literature on dielectric parameters of Aviation fuels, it would be of great interest for the community to find its dielectric properties over wider frequency range. In addition the estimation of measurement error associated with this technique is also discussed.
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Microstrip Dual-Band Bandpass Filter Fed with Lumped Capacitors
Статья научная
This paper presents a method of designing microstrip dual-band bandpass filter fed with lumped capacitors. Unlike the tapping or coupling feeding structures, the lumped capacitors could make the external quality factors have suitable values in two different pass bands. Thus no impedance transformers are needed when designing dual-band bandpass filter fed with lumped capacitors. An example of this kind of filter is designed, fabricated and measured. The measured results accord well with the simulated results, showing validity of the proposed method.
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Microwave Detection of Water Pollution in Underground Pipelines
Статья научная
An electromagnetic model is proposed to detect water pollution in underground pipelines. Contaminants present above a certain level in water can be a public health hazard. The contrast in the dielectric constant between contaminated and fresh water is one of the most important parameters to be considered for detecting the presence of pollutants in water. Simulations of frequency response and time domain pulse wave through a multi-layer medium are presented. The complex dielectric permittivity of polluted water has been measured as a function of frequency and analytically represented by Cole-Cole fit model. Water pollution can be detected by observing the variation of the reflection coefficient or reflected signals from unpolluted and polluted water. The experimental set up is described and the procedure followed to obtain an effective permittivity data is outlined. These measurements are, to the best of the author's knowledge, the first of its kind to be published. Microwave technique discussed in this manuscript for water pollution study is a pioneer technique to detect various pollutants in water.
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Статья научная
A miniaturized multiband planar monopole Ultrawideband (UWB) antenna is presented. The penta-band antenna is comprised of a: 3.1 – 10.6 GHz UWB band, 2.4 WLAN band, 1.8 GHz GSM band, 1.3 GHz GPS and a 0.95 GHz RFID band. The proposed UWB band is realized by using half of a conventional rectangular radiator size while the other half is used to realize the other bands by employing quarter wavelength U and G shaped strips called folded CLLRs (capacitively loaded loop resonators). The designed penta-band antenna has an overall size of 25 x 30 mm2. The measured and simulated results of the fabricated prototype are compared and satisfactory results are achieved.
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Mobile Antenna Inetvu 1800+ Series and its Implementation in Practice
Статья научная
Although fiber-optic communication is used by a large number of telecommunication companies, satellite technology has still its important place among communication technologies. This article focuses on mobile antenna InetVu 1800+ Series. Besides detailed description of hardware and software components, functionality testing and troubleshooting of the whole system are included as the important parts of the topic.
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Mobile Backhaul in Release 8 and Beyond: Benefits, Challenges, Market Status and Impact Analysis
Статья научная
The significantly increasing mobile capacity demand, the use of advanced techniques like enhanced multiple input multiple output to boost throughput, very high data rate, reliability, very low latency, long battery life, mobility, and to enable internet of things in 4G and 5G technologies, aggravate extreme backhaul requirements with respect to capacity, latency, availability, energy, and on the top of this, cost efficiency. However, it is challenging to get a complete one backhaul technology that can solve all problems of backhaul especially massive introduction of small cells in mind. To overcome various backhaul problems there are many backhaul solutions i.e. the use of diversified backhaul under different use cases provides cost efficient backhaul solution. This paper presents benefits, implementation challenges, and use cases of mobile backhaul in release 8 and beyond. It also presents coverage and capacity analysis using excel based dimensioning tool for a given sample area. Lastly the paper shows economic benefits of diversified backhaul for small and macro cells and high-level implementation strategy for the considered area.
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Mobile Sink Path Optimization for Data Gathering Using Neural Networks in WSN
Статья научная
Wireless sensor networks are being used for various applications for collection of heterogeneous data. Hotspot problem is major issue of concern that affects the connectivity of entire network along with decreasing lifetime of network. The focus in this paper is lies on optimizing the path followed by the mobile sink for collection of data. The proposed work aims at reducing the hotspot problem and increasing the lifetime. A trained neural network is used to select the best route to be followed by mobile sink. In the proposed work, the stop points are identified which allow the communication between the nodes and the movable sink. The experimental results of the work carried out show that tour length of the sink is greatly reduced and the network lifetime (number of rounds) is increased. Increased lifetime also handles the problem of hotspots.
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Mobility Aware Strategy for Geographical Routing Schemes in Underwater Acoustic Networks
Статья научная
In those last decades the Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSNs) have become the commonly explored technology by the scientific community, for the numerous benefits that it can brings to the researchers, however the frequent movement of the underwater sensors due to their mobility or water current factor may severally affect the efficiency of the acoustic wireless communication and reduce it performance. In this paper a Mobility Aware Strategy for Geographical Routing scheme (MAGR-VBF) has been proposed for an early prevention from the mobile sensor during the packet transmission, the protocol is aimed to predict the mobility and switch to another candidate sensor enable to recover the data packet in order to mitigate the packet loss problem. Based on the well-known routing protocol for the UWSNs ‘Vector Based Forwarding’ (VBF) the proposed study has been implemented and designed using the NS-2 simulator and Aqua-Sim. The result has shown that the presented work (MAGR-VBF) has brings a good performance over the basic VBF, where the energy consumption and the average end to end delay have been reduced by 8.97 % and 5.55 % respectively, and an average of 6.16 % has been increased of packet delivery ratio metric.
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Modelling Failure Conditions in Zigbee based Wireless Sensor Networks
Статья научная
Reliable data transmissions in sensor networks are important for its longevity and require research attention. Since, fault tolerance and reliability become vital for embedded systems, estimating failure scenarios aid WSN applications to establish robust backup mechanisms in case of failures in the network. The article aims to model failure in IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee networks in order to estimate the longevity of the network in context to the network connectivity. Ideally, IEEE 802.15.4 can manage two types of networks, the star topology or the peer-to-peer topology. On combining these two we get a mesh network. Hence, the article presents the failure conditions for both star and mesh based network topology to the point where the network is disconnected owing to varied failure conditions.
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Modelling Manufacturing System Controller-based Siphon Petri Nets
Статья научная
This work is focused on the deadlock prevention problem for a class of Flеxіble Мanufaсturing Ѕyѕt-еms(FMSѕ) which is modelled by Ѕyѕtems of Ѕimple Ѕequential Рrοсesses with Reѕοurces (S3PRs), baѕed on Petri net mοdels. Petri Nets (PNs) gives a strong framework of modelling resources shared between concurr-ent processes in FMSs. This paper deals design methodology of controllers based on the Petri nets for the synthesis of FMSs based on a siphon PNs analysis is to be controlled by the set of minimal siphons which are generate a new P-Semifiow. We distinguish siphons in PN to give the necessary impact on the final supervisor control scheme that is the basis siphon structure analyzed to control FMS. The experimental approach is Siphon PN to give an effective tool for the liveness network, which gives a typical analysis to solve deadlock prevention in FMSs models are checked by PNs. Successful implementation of an FMS corresponds to synthesize a PN is to compute process models in parallel systems that have been specified to deadlock detection. In our application, the examples of an FMS are a control system by PN.
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Статья научная
Spectrum Sensing (SS) is a critical operation in a Cognitive Radio (CR) network to identify spectrum hole thereby preventing licensed users from harmful interference for improving spectrum utilization. However, multipath effects in wireless channel such as multipath fading, shadowing and receiver uncertainty affect the sensing accuracy of CR resulting to high Probability of Missing (PM) that causes interference to Primary User (PU). Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) technique which was one of the techniques used to solve this problem suffers hardware complexity resulting in high Sensing Time (ST). Therefore, in this paper, modification of MRC technique is carried out to reduce hardware complexity of conventional MRC thereby reducing ST. The modified technique consists of ‘L’ Secondary User (SU) antennas that received the multiple copies of Primary User (PU) signals over Nakagami-m fading channel. The received PU signals are made to passed through separate channel estimator and co-phased to avoid signal cancellation before been summed up. The resultant signa is then made to passed through single RF chain and MF. Output of MF is then used as input to Energy Detector (ED) to obtain the energy of the received signal. The obtained energy is compared with the set threshold to determine the status of spectrum. The modified MRC technique is incorporated with simulation model which consists of PU transmitter that processes the randomly generated data through some signal processing techniques for transmission. Mathematical expression of Probability of False Alarm (PFA) for the modified MRC technique is derived and used to set the thresholds at PFA of 0.01 and 0.05. The modified model is evaluated using PM, Probability of Detection (PD) and PT to determine the performance. The results obtained revealed that modified MRC gives higher PD, lower PM and PT values when compared with conventional MRC.
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Modification of a square-law combiner for detection in a cognitive radio network
Статья научная
Spectrum sensing is of paramount importance in the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) due to massive spread of wireless services. However, spectrum sensing in CRN is affected by multipath effects that make detection difficult. Square- Law Combining (SLC) technique, which is one of the methods previously used to address this problem, is associated with hardware complexity that results in long processing time. Hence, this paper aim to modify SLC technique for primary user detection in the CRN. The modified model consists of three Secondary User (SU) antennas which receive the faded signals through the Rayleigh fading channel. The received signals are combined using Switch Combiner (SC) at Radio Frequency (RF) stage. The selected signal passes through only one Energy Detector (ED) before making decision. The modified model is incorporated into simulation model which consists of Primary User (PU) transmitter that processes the randomly generated data through some signal processing techniques for transmission to the SU receiver. Probability of False Alarm (PFA) expression is derived for the modified Square-Law Combiner (mSLC) to set the thresholds at 6.64 and 9.14 for PFA of 0.01 and 0.02, respectively. The modified model is evaluated using Probability of Missing (PM), Probability of Detection (PD) and Processing Time (PT) to determine the performance. The results of the mSLC show that at SNR of 4 dB and PFA of 0.01, the values obtained for PD, PM, PT are 0.6575, 0.3530, 5.5540 s, respectively, as against the conventional SLC of 0.4000, 0.600, 6.2055 s, respectively. At SNR of 4 dB and PFA of 0.02, the values obtained for the mSLC are 0.7600, 0.3457, 6.1945 s for PD, PM and PT, respectively, as against 0.4000, 0.6000, 7.2197 s for conventional SLC. The results show that mSLC gives lower PM, higher PD and lower PT values when compared with conventional SLC.
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Modified Output Combining 3-Stage Doherty Power Amplifier Design for LTE Micro eNodeB
Статья научная
This paper presents a highly efficient modified output combining 3-stage Doherty Power Amplifier (DPA) design using low power LDMOS transistor for Band 40, TD-LTE Micro eNodeB. In this design, modified output combining technique has been used in the output section which meets the output power requirements of Micro eNodeB which cannot be achieved by conventional 3-stage DPA. The modified DPA design achieves 65.3% power added efficiency (PAE) at 39 dBm average output power with 20 MHz LTE signal using 15 watt LDMOS Transistor. 3-stage modified output combining technique increases the linear output power by 1.1 dB and increases the Gain flatness versus power level. The use of Digital Pre-Distortion (DPD) along with modified 3-stage DPA design achieves the linearity requirements as per the 3GPP specifications. The modified DPA combining technique has provided potential economical solution by using low power LDMOS transistor with an advantage of high efficiency.
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Multiband microstrip antenna using modified pi-shape slot on ground plane
Статья научная
This paper proposes a multiband microstrip antenna with modified pi-shape slot cut on the ground plane for wireless applications. Complete modal analysis and design process of the proposed antenna is demonstrated explaining the modes contributing to achieve the bands. By placing the modified pi-slot in the appropriate position on the ground plane, it tunes TM10, TM12, TM02 and TM20 and TM22 mode frequencies with respect to the fundamental mode frequency and thus realizes four band response which includes one broadband response having 164 MHz (6.5%) bandwidth. The bandwidth in the other bands are in the range of 6 MHz - 30 MHz. The surface currents at these modes are also altered to yield broadside radiation pattern. Suspended version of this antenna is also proposed that offers triple bands and improved broadside gain of around 4 dBi at the broadband besides 2.5 dBi and 1 dBi gain at other two modes. The proposed antenna saves 56% area with respect to the equivalent un-slotted microstrip antenna.
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Multipath Cluster-based Hybrid MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Статья научная
The WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is the most appearing expertise that has potential applications broad ranges that include environment examining, smart spaces, medical systems, and robotic study. The efficient energy is a consideration of vital design for WSN. In WSNs, the collision is occurred due to data transmission from the sensor nodes and the traffic at SINK node is high due to the transmission of excess data by the sensor nodes. An important division of the consumption of resources in a WSN is managed by the mechanism of MAC (Medium Access Control). An existing MAC protocols initiated for the utilization of WSNs single channel for the transmission of data. This is basically because of the reality that efficient energy is measured to be the issue of essentiality in WSNs. A new multi-channel MAC procedure MPCB-HM is proposed which utilizes CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance), to exchange the data, the activity of TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) sequencing nodes and also FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) to allow collision-free exchange simultaneously. The nodes have multiple communication channels, so that the high data traffic can be shared in multiple channels. This reduces the overhead in the nodes and the Energy consumption is minimized by this method and collision free transmission is achieved. With the help of intra-cluster communication and inter-cluster communication, the MAC mode control is responsible for shifting of mode from TDMA to CSMA and vice versa. The Cluster-based topology is implemented which helps in improving the scalability and energy efficiency. By utilizing the simulator of NS2, the process is estimated and the outcomes have shown that the procedure of MAC is improved by overall network presentation compared to the other protocols.
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Статья научная
Cellular networks are characterized by mobility in which subscribers move freely within the coverage area. Since the radio spectrum is a scarce resource, the available bandwidth is divided by using a combination of Time- and Frequency-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). For communication process to succeed, the subscriber must be allocated some frequency band (FDMA), a time slot (TDMA) or pseudorandom binary sequence that modulates the carrier (CDMA). With the increasing number of users, these resources may become unavailable, leading to new call blocking or handover call blocking. Erlang B and Erlang C have been used in the past to model teletraffic blocking in Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Unfortunately, Erlang B is only ideal when subscribers do not perform call re-attempts after their initial calls are blocked. On the other hand, Erlang C model is applicable only in networks where queuing is applied and can easily lead to higher blocking rates when the number of users is high. This is because it takes into consideration the number of instances in the queue as well as the resources under use. In this paper, teletraffic blocking probabilities that take into account additional cellular network concepts such as the number of mobile stations, call retries, channels reservation, overlays and underlays, user velocity, relative mobility, call priority, call arrival rates and signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) were synthesized. The simulation results showed that the developed teletraffic blocking probabilities were superior to the conventional Erlang B and Erlang C as they consider new concepts that exist in cellular networks that were not envisioned in traditional PSTN.
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