Экспрессия генов, связанных с хозяйственно полезными признаками цыплят-бройлеров (Gallus gallus domesticus), под влиянием различных паратипических факторов (обзор)

Экспрессия генов, связанных с хозяйственно полезными признаками цыплят-бройлеров (Gallus gallus domesticus), под влиянием различных паратипических факторов (обзор)

Автор: Сизова Е.А., Лутковская Я.В.

Журнал: Сельскохозяйственная биология @agrobiology

Рубрика: Обзоры, проблемы

Статья в выпуске: 4 т.58, 2023 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Промышленное производство мяса цыплят-бройлеров ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) основывается на использовании скороспелых высокопродуктивных кроссов, создание которых стало возможным благодаря работе генетиков и селекционеров. Исходные линии современных цыплят-бройлеров были получены в результате искусственного отбора, прежде всего по эффективности кормления, конверсии корма и скорости роста (W. Fu, с соавт., 2016). Прогрессивные генетические исследования, селекционные технологии и кормление в сочетании с эффективным ветеринарным контролем дают возможность производить мясо птицы высокого качества (A.A. Grozina, 2014). С 1957 по 2001 год время достижения цыплятами-бройлерами рыночной массы снизилось в 3 раза, при этом сократилось потребление кормов (M. Georges, с соавт., 2019). Определение экспрессии мРНК генов, участвующих в росте и развитии бройлеров, усвоении питательных веществ и устойчивости к возбудителям заболеваний, необходимо для успешного отбора птицы с желательными качествами (K. Lassiter с соавт., 2019). Целью представленного обзора стал анализ многообразия генов и их активности при формировании хозяйственно полезных признаков у цыплят-бройлеров и факторов, влияющих на экспрессию этих генов. В статье представлены гены, продукты которых принимают участие в росте и развитии ( GH , IGF-1 , GHR , MYOD1 , MYOG , MSTN ), усвоении нутриентов ( SLC2A1 , SLC2A2 , SLC2A3 , SLC2A8 , SLC2A9 , SLC2A12 , SLC6A19 , SLC7A1 , SLC7A2 , SLC7A5-7 , SLC15A1 , SLC38A2 ), иммунном ответе ( IL1B , IL6 , IL8L2 , IL16 , IL17A , IL18 , TNF- a, AvBD1-AvBD14 ). Одним из путей регуляции скорости роста скелета и размеров тела служит соматотропная ось гормон роста (growth hormone, GH)-инсулиноподобный фактор роста 1 (insulin like growth factor 1, IGF-1)-рецептор гормона роста (growth hormone receptor, GHR) (L.E. Ellestad с соавт., 2019). Анализ экспрессии генов GH , GHR и IGF-1 и отбор по признаку высокой скорости роста у цыплят-бройлеров может повысить активность связывания гормона роста, синтез IGF-1 в печени и, следовательно, массу тела (S. Pech-Pool с соавт., 2020). Миогенез опосредован действием различных факторов и генов, в их числе миогенный регуляторный фактор ( myogenic regulatory factors, MRF ), фактор миогенной дифференцировки 1 ( myogenic differentiation 1, MYOD1 ), миогенин ( myogenin, MYOG ), экспрессия которых может меняться в зависимости от ингредиентного состава рациона и специфических добавок. Значительно увеличить экспрессию генов MYOD1 и MYOG в грудных мышцах и GH и IGF-1 в печени одновременно с улучшением показателей роста можно при добавлении в рацион протеазы (Y. Xiao с соавт., 2020). Гены, ассоциированные с усвоением питательных веществ и их экспрессия влияют на транспортные белки, приводя к ускоренному поступлению нутриентов в эпителий кишечника, систему кровообращения, а затем ко всем органам и тканям. В свою очередь, их экспрессия может быть зависима от кормовых добавок различного функционала. В транспорте аминокислот задействованы носители растворенных веществ (solute carrier family, SLC): SLC6A19 (B0AT1) и SLC38A2 (SNAT2) - натрий-зависимые переносчики нейтральных аминокислот; SLC7A1 и SLC7A2 - переносчики катионных аминокислот (cationic amino acid transporter, CAT: CAT1, CAT2); SLC7A5-7 - переносчики L-аминокислот (L-type amino acid transporter, LAT: LAT1, gLAT2) (J.A. Payne с соавт., 2019; C.N. Khwatenge с соавт., 2020; N.S. Fagundes с соавт., 2020). На экспрессию генов иммунитета ( IL1B , IL6 , IL8L2, IL16, IL17A, IL18 , TNF- a, AvBD1-AvBD14 ) цыплят-бройлеров, инициирующих синтез факторов иммунного ответа, оказывает влияние инфицирование микроорганизмами Escherichia coli , Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Clostridium perfringens , Listeria monocytogenes , Eimeria spp. и др. (G.Y. Laptev с соавт., 2019; T. Nii с соавт., 2019). Также выявлено модулирующее влияние температуры на экспрессию генов. Повышенная температура выращивания птицы (39 °С) ведет к значительному увеличению экспрессии мРНК генов IL6 , IL1b , TNF- a, TLR2 , TLR4 , NFkB50 , NFkB65 , Hsp70 и HSF3 в тканях селезенки и печени (M.B. Al-Zghoul с соавт., 2019). В настоящее время идет поиск кормовых добавок (пребиотиков, пробиотиков, синбиотиков, фитобиотиков и аминокислот), которые поддерживают физиологическое состояние птицы, предотвращают развитие заболеваний, способствуют ускорению роста без ущерба для здоровья и улучшают продуктивность посредством воздействия на экспрессию генов.

Еще

Цыплята-бройлеры, продуктивность, экспрессия генов, рост, иммунитет, кормовые добавки

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/142239839

IDR: 142239839   |   DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2023.4.581rus

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