Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Все статьи: 1553
Attracting educational migrants to universities: an overview of institutional resources
Статья научная
The paper presents an overview of key institutional resources for attracting educational migrants, including compatriots, to Russian universities. The theoretical base includes Russian and foreign works on the theory of educational migration and adaptation of foreign students. It is revealed that there are not enough studies evaluating institutional resources to attract educational migrants to universities. It is mainly due to the fact that the work with foreign students in universities is embedded in the concept of “soft power”. The novelty of the study consists in our attempt to fill this gap, review institutional resources for attracting educational migrants to universities, and systematize the data of theoretical and empirical studies. The practical side of the problem is reflected as well: statistical indicators from various Russian sources on educational migration and voluntary resettlement of compatriots to Russia are presented in fragments, which makes it difficult to compare them. We use qualitative analysis of documents in the public domain to obtain the data that made it possible to review the main institutional resources of Russian universities to attract educational migrants, including compatriots. We consider which resources of Russian universities in working with foreign students can be interpreted as “attracting” factors; whether there are special tools for working with foreign students from CIS countries and/or compatriots. We draw conclusions that Russian universities do not have well-elaborated strategies to encourage young compatriots (Russophones) to participate in educational migration. Universities do not consider this category of applicants as a separate group, which would help optimize management decisions focused on the development of migration, demographic and educational policies. These circumstances bring to the fore the need to optimize institutional resources and management decisions regarding the attraction of Russophones to Russian universities.
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Статья научная
In the Czech Republic, the concept of social entrepreneurship is still being developed and lacks, for example, systematic public support and regulation. In addition, the total number of social enterprises operating in the Czech Republic is low and thus, the concept of social entrepreneurship cannot reach its potential. To accelerate this development, raising awareness of social entrepreneurship among the Czech population may be important. Based on the survey carried out among 200 possible stakeholders of Czech social enterprises we explored the awareness and attitudes of selected groups of people towards social entrepreneurship. These groups of people are disabled people as typical employees of Czech social enterprises and university students as possible future founders of these enterprises. Our research project focuses on three issues: i) the level of awareness of the concept of social entrepreneurship among university students and disabled people; ii) the position of disabled people in the current labour marketiii) the willingness of students to become entrepreneurs and to start business with social purpose. During the research, we used the method of structured questionnaires. The research shows that the awareness of the concept of social entrepreneurship is generally low. Nevertheless, students consider becoming entrepreneurs and starting a business with social purpose. The research also shows that according to the opinion of the respondents, it is difficult to find employment as a disabled person and that the current labour market does not offer enough vacant positions which could be interesting for these persons. From this perspective, we can assess further development of Czech social enterprises (especially of Work Integration Social Enterprises) as very important.
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Статья научная
The author considers the issue regarding modernization change in the set of economic, social and cultural transformations. The paper looks into the essence of modernization, its importance to man and society, and the problems of its implementation in Russia and regions. In the framework of various modernization doctrines quite a few theoretical-methodological concepts were designed to explain possible aspects of social development. The purpose of this study is to assess the degree of coherence among the economic, social, and cognitive components of the modernization process in the macro-region of the Russian Federation. The study has the following tasks: to review the data on evolutionary processes of modernization, obtained by the author in the framework of the program “Problems of sociocultural evolution of Russia and its regions” (supervisor - RAS Corresponding Member N.I. Lapin); to consider methods for measuring modernization and analyzing its components; to assess the consistency of these components in regions of the Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) in 2000-2012...
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Статья научная
Over the past few centuries, humanity has made the transition from a “society without the elderly” to an “aging society”. The consequences of global population ageing entail changes not only in the economic and demographic space, but also in the social space. At the same time, this category of consequences caused by the increase in the share and number of representatives of the older generation is the least amenable to empirical measurements and forecasting. One of the most important tasks of the “ageing” states is to solve the problem of social integration and secondary socialization of the elderly, but in the conditions of increasing technological progress there emerges a powerful structural barrier, which is expressed in the growing communication distance between generations. The “generation gap” issue originates in ancient times, but at the moment in the context of global demographic aging it is becoming increasingly important. The aim of our research is to study barriers to social integration of the older generation in the context of intergenerational communication...
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Barriers to the fulfillment of young people's potential in their work activities
Статья научная
Young people comprise a special social community: on the one hand, it is most open to innovation and to new models of behavior; on the other hand, it is vulnerable from the viewpoint of competition for certain benefits and opportunities. The reason for the latter consists largely in a lack of social experience, whereby young people find themselves at a disadvantage compared to other socio-demographic groups. The paper highlights the problems that young people face when entering the labor market, and the initial problems are those related to the process of employment. Particular attention is paid to the use of young people's labor potential. A monitoring of the qualitative state of labor potential in the Vologda Oblast is used to consider the factors that prevent young people from implementing their potential in work activities. According to the analysis, the main factors that impede the use of young people's abilities and qualities on the labor market include lack of professional knowledge, employment outside one's specialty, inconvenient working hours, mismatch between the work, abilities and inclinations, lack of interest in the chosen profession...
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Basic provisions of Russia's innovation industrialization concept
Статья научная
The article deals with the basic provisions of Russia’s innovation modernization concept
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Beyond teaching and research: stakeholder perspectives on the evolving roles of higher education
Статья научная
Many scholars have observed that the traditional teaching and research functions ascribed to higher education have now expanded to involve a wider range of objectives and actors in response to changing internal and external demands. However, the available literature on the topic lacks accounts reflecting stakeholder perspectives. This paper aims to respond to this limitation by implementing a content analysis of 12 semi-structured interviews with European and international experts in the field of higher education. More specifically, it sketches their views on higher education institutions’ roles considering current and emerging imperatives and the tensions and contradictions arising from the evolution of their conventional functions. The results show that higher education institutions are perceived to serve a combination of multiple roles: as enablers of skills and attributes, co-creators and users of knowledge, intermediaries between social actors, instigators of social change, and active agents of their own transformation. This finding aligns with literature in terms of the diverse and relational nature of modern higher education institutions’ operations. While desirable, their fulfilment generates several tensions and contradictions: such as responding to global vs. regional trends, adopting flexibility vs. standardization, pursuing excellence and competitiveness vs. inclusion, competing logics, and managing institutional inertia. The study can benefit educational managers and researchers by offering new insights into generating networked action and building ecosystems as higher education reconfigures its roles to navigate the changing social and economic landscape.
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Birth rate, number of children and family income: trends and relationships
Статья научная
The relevance of the study of the relationship between the trends of birth rate, the number of children and family income is increasing in the context of the unfavorable demographic dynamics in most regions of the country. In this regard, the search for ways to influence the achievement of a desirable model of childbearing simultaneously meeting the interests of society and families remains a priority task. The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of the level of the number of children on the conditions of family life support in the Northern sparsely populated region, where the signs of the traditional type of birth rate are preserved. In accordance with the goal and based on the materials of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the authors systematized and considered the current trends in the processes of birth rate and childbearing of families, traced the influence of the birth order factor on the level and differentiation of income and consumer behavior of families. The methodological basis of the research are the methods of demographic analysis, comparison, generalization, as well as methodological tools based on the normative method and the absolute monetary approach to income assessment, socio-demographic survey. The scientific novelty of the work consists in choosing the research object which is a region with centers of multi-child parenting, assessing the differentiation of family life support conditions depending on the number of children, substantiating the factor of material security as a significant tool for state regulation of fertility processes. The results of the research can be applied in the activities of federal and regional authorities when developing the programs for demographic and family policy, adjusting measures for the implementation of the national project “Demography”. In addition, the results obtained present a large empirical material which is necessary for further study of the issues related to the competition of individual or family life needs, the value of children, on the one hand, and investment in the human capital of children or in the family life support conditions, on the other.
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Статья научная
Changing structural proportions manifested in the narrowing of domestic demand for goods and services is a trend in modern development of the Russian economy, which experiences an impact of a system-wide economic crisis and the current foreign policy and foreign economic situation. This leads to underconsumption of goods and services, and thus to a reduction of incentives for enterprises to increase production. Meanwhile, stimulation of domestic consumer demand can be considered as a factor capable of ensuring economic growth. In this regard, there is a need for scientific substantiation of measures to promote domestic demand, which in the current economic conditions can change the structural relationships and thus ensure economic growth. In our study, an attempt is made to calculate the potential economic effect of stimulating Russian citizens' consumption of goods and services produced by domestic tourism sector. General scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization and original methodological tools based on input-output models are used as a methodological basis of the study...
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Branch analysis in the context of evolutionary development of economic systems
Статья научная
Upgrading of Russian economy claims special attention to long-term problems of its development in order to make it stable and purposeful. The necessity to improve social and economic parameters and comprehensive innovation development of territorial economic systems requires elaboration of sound policy and regions' strategies in relation to regional branches that form their potential. The article proposes an approach to reform national economic sectors on the basis of their life cycle analysis and allocation of functional features of a single mesoeconomic system. The research is aimed at selecting key parameters of sectors' development at the regional level. The evolutionary approach that serves as the basis for the methodology gives an opportunity to determine the factors that have the greatest impact on life cycle dynamics. The article singles out the following main groups of factors: resources, product, technology, market, banking sector, public policy. By analyzing life cycles of the Yaroslavl region's chemical industries (synthetic rubber and carbon black production) it is concluded that the only way to ensure sustainable development of branches lies in the continuous implementation of innovations, a process affected by cyclicity and determined by factors of exogenous and endogenous nature.
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Budget capacity in the system of capacities of the territory: theoretical issues
Статья научная
The paper considers theoretical and methodological aspects of budget capacity. Our goal is to determine the place and role of budget capacity in the system of capacities of the territory by studying the essence of this capacity. We define the concept of “capacity” and summarize the content of key elements of the system of territorial capacities. We analyze the evolution and modern interpretation of the term “budget capacity of the territory” on the basis of domestic and foreign works. We find out that so far there is no unique approach to the content of budget capacity in either domestic or foreign financial science. Scientific novelty of the paper is shown in the following: we carry out systematization and critical analysis of existing methodological approaches to the definition of budget capacity, consider the conceptual content of six main and optional approaches, and identify five key issues of the budget capacity methodology. First, many scientists, as well as Russian legislation, are investigating the problems of tax capacity alone...
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