Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast

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The development features of small entrepreneurship in rural settlements in the Republic of Karelia (on example of Pudoga region)

The development features of small entrepreneurship in rural settlements in the Republic of Karelia (on example of Pudoga region)

Morozova Tatjana Vasilevna, Kozyreva Galina Borisovna, Kurilo Anna Evgenevna

Статья научная

The authors analyze the state of small entrepreneurship sector in the Republic of Karelia and reveal features of its development in region rural settlements. The most urgent problems of small entrepreneurship development in rural settlements having low population density are designated and the possibilities of these problems decision are considered.

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The development of small innovative business in the industrial, scientific and educational sector in Russia

The development of small innovative business in the industrial, scientific and educational sector in Russia

Terebova Svetlana V., Borisov Vladimir N.

Статья научная

The successful functioning of the system of transformation of scientific and technical knowledge into a market product largely depends on the level of development of small innovative business. The organization paradigm of small innovative enterprises (SIE) in Russia does not yet correspond to the content of the modern world economy. At the same time, a serious problem is the gap between the proclamation of the need to increase the contribution of SIE to the economy and the actual practice. The relevant issues are the revitalization of the existing enterprises of this type, rather than the creation of new SIEs. To develop the support areas for their formation it is necessary to appropriately diagnose and assess the evolution of SIE in both industrial and research-educational sector of the country. This determines the relevance of the topic and the purpose of the research. During statistics analysis, data of Rosstat and HSE were supplemented with data from the Scientific Research Institute - Federal Research Centre for Projects Evaluation and Consulting Services (SRI FRCEC), as well as data from author surveys. The study reveals that the level of SIE development is insufficient to ensure economic security and does not meet the needs of the current stage of the country's economic development. It is revealed that in small enterprises, innovative activity along with financial and personnel issues, is hampered by management problems associated with the fact that the management of manufacturing process of innovative products requires a certain competence and the shift of the company's management resources from current activities. In view of this, the author proposes a model of SIE development management based on the implementation of the project management mechanism in conjunction with “SIE infrastructure”, ensuring the formation of SIE and strengthening its position in the market. We present the results of practical testing of this approach on real research objects, which provided the launch of 33 innovative projects during 2010-2017.

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The diffusion of volunteering abroad and in Russia: cultural foundations, assessment of barriers, intensification technologies

The diffusion of volunteering abroad and in Russia: cultural foundations, assessment of barriers, intensification technologies

Bazueva Elena V., Artamonova Anna S.

Статья научная

The need to integrate volunteering into national strategies for achieving sustainable development goals, and the importance of its role in curbing the implications of crisis processes caused by the coronavirus pandemic have intensified the scientific search for barriers to civic participation in volunteering and mechanisms for eliminating them. At the same time, researchers focus on identifying barriers of a certain type on the example of one country or group of countries, and, when searching for ways to eliminate those barriers, they underestimate the role of national culture. The purpose of our study is to systematize barriers and promising technologies for intensifying the diffusion of volunteering among the population and to identify major features of national culture in this process. Barriers to the diffusion of volunteer activity in society are systematized into three groups: barriers on the part of the state, barriers on the part of the non-profit sector, and barriers on the part of the individual. We show national features of their formation, which proceed from the specifics of emergence and evolution of volunteerism in the course of socioeconomic development. Using the postulates of institutional economic theory, we identify a system of institutions that intensify the diffusion of volunteering in society, including institutions for the promotion of volunteer practices, institutions for the development of civil society, institutions for the development of horizontal ties through network mechanisms for the diffusion of norms of civic participation, institutions for improving the reputation of volunteering among the population, the institute of volunteer education, institutions for increasing the motivation of participation in volunteering. On the basis of econometric analysis, we have determined that the cultural dimensions highlighted by G. Hofstede, such as the level of individualism, femininity and tolerance, have a significant impact on the extent of development of volunteering in the country. Taking into account the identified cultural features and effective technologies that promote residents’ engagement in volunteer activities, we determine directions for intensification of this process in Russia. Development of a comprehensive system of institutions for the diffusion of volunteering in our country will be a promising area for our future research.

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The disturbing future of 2024

The disturbing future of 2024

Ilyin Vladimir A., Morev Mikhail V.

Статья научная

The article considers prospects for the implementation of Presidential Decree 204 “On national goals and strategic objectives of development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024” dated May 7, 2018 and for the implementation of key guidelines announced by the head of state in his Address to the Federal Assembly on March 1, 2018. We considered expert assessments, analyzed the Russian President’s annual phone-in session with the nation (the “Direct Line”) held on June 7, 2018, and discussed the results of international research and all-Russian sociological surveys. All this allows us to conclude that if the composition of the Cabinet remains virtually unchanged for the next six years, it will be extremely difficult to implement ambitious plans for the internal development of the country. According to many experts, if we want to achieve breakthrough development, it is necessary to change the Government radically. This is dictated by the current geopolitical situation and the expectations of the general population. Nevertheless, at the beginning of his fourth presidential term Vladimir Putin has not taken such steps; consequently, it is unlikely that he will fulfill his election promises. It rather allows us to say that “oligarchic capitalism” will continue to dominate in the system of public administration.

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The effectiveness of livestock farming mechanization

The effectiveness of livestock farming mechanization

Ostretsov Vladimir Nikolaevich, Zhiltsov Vladimir Vasilyevich

Статья научная

The article deals with the economic analysis of the current state of milk production in Russia in comparison with the developed countries. The possibility of efficient milk production due to the advanced production technology and the methods of cow maintenance and milking are considered in the case of “Livestock Breeding Farm under the name of 50 Years of the USSR”, which is located in the Gryazovets District of the Vologda Oblast.

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The effectiveness of the authorities' activities at the local level in the COVID-19 pandemic (the experience of Russia and China)

The effectiveness of the authorities' activities at the local level in the COVID-19 pandemic (the experience of Russia and China)

Yi Waigeng, Morev Mikhail V., Ukhanova Yuliya V., Kosygina Kseniya E.

Статья научная

The qualitative changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic at all levels of the organization of the world community (individual, group, national, global) have actually formed a new social reality. Moreover, this process was of a force majeure nature; it took place in the conditions of a sharp increase in the uncertainty feeling, changes in the lifestyle of almost every person and every particular family, the unpreparedness of world medicine for an adequate response to the global epidemiological challenge, as well as the inevitability of large-scale problems in the economy and politics. The current conditions have become a challenge for the existing systems of public administration. The governments of different countries had to act quickly and decisively in order, on the one hand, to keep the development of the epidemiological situation under control, and on the other hand, to prevent a sharp deterioration of social stability against the background of objectively emerging epidemiological, social and psychological challenges. While the world medicine was urgently accelerating the development of a vaccine against coronavirus infection, the scientific and political community discussed the general strategy for implementing quarantine restrictions. However, against this background, the local community level remained virtually behind the scenes, which, nevertheless, was and still remains the most practical in terms of interaction of population with the authorities. It is at the local level (meaning the regional level, as well as the level of local selfgovernment) that the authorities are more close to the society problems, have the opportunity to interact face-to-face with its representatives, and the population, in turn, can actually participate in activities to improve living conditions (including solving problems caused by the pandemic). The article presents the experience of Russia and China in organizing interaction and evaluating the activities of local authorities by the population. Both countries have shown high efficiency in overcoming the crisis in 2020-2021, so their experience is of considerable interest, primarily in practical terms. The authors of the study have concluded about the importance of public assessment regarding the effectiveness of the activities of local authorities, as well as the prospects for actively involving citizens in solving problems arising against the background of force majeure.

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The effects of Asia-Pacific countries’ trade integration in the context of globalization and regionalization

The effects of Asia-Pacific countries’ trade integration in the context of globalization and regionalization

Izotov Dmitrii A.

Статья научная

The aim of the research is to assess the trade effects of integration in the Asia-Pacific region, arising from the processes of globalization and regionalization, which is manifested in the functioning of trade agreements and their proliferation. It is shown that mutual trade barriers are reduced in the context of the formation of a sub-global network of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements as part of the regionalization process in the Asia-Pacific region. It is determined that the vast majority of free trade zones functioning in the world is concentrated in the Asia-Pacific region while the share of intraregional trade is tending to increase. The authors reveal general regularities of integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region based on the decomposition assessment of the effects of trade agreements in the framework of a synthesized modern approach to the assessment of gravitational dependencies. Integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region in the long term have been generating the effect of creating trade for the countries of the sub-global region that concluded trade agreements, and the effect of globalization contributed to an increase in the overall effect of integration. Based on the obtained estimates, it is determined that the contribution of the globalization effect to the overall effect of integration between the Asia-Pacific countries was higher than from the conclusion of trade agreements. The effects of globalization more than doubled the overall effect of integration for the Asia-Pacific countries that concluded trade agreements. It is clarified that for the Asia-Pacific countries that are carrying out the proliferation of trade agreements, the increase in the overall effect of integration was mainly due to regionalization. The obtained estimate confirmed the assumption that there is discrimination against the economies of the Asia-Pacific countries that do not expand the geography of concluded trade agreements in the region. Based on the obtained estimates, it is argued that the effective strategy for Russia is to increase the coverage of the Asia-Pacific countries to conclude trade agreements in order to diversify foreign trade and support export-oriented sectors of the economy.

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The efficiency of enterprise management system and ways of its improvement

The efficiency of enterprise management system and ways of its improvement

Zadumkin Konstantin Alekseevich

Статья научная

The article offers an approach to determining the effectiveness of the enterprise management system. A strategy for development of the system in the conditions of the crisis observed in the domestic and world economy is worked out.

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The employment quality potential of generation groups of workers and the economic sustainability of their households

The employment quality potential of generation groups of workers and the economic sustainability of their households

Bobkov V.N., Odintsova E.V.

Статья научная

The exacerbation of external sanctions pressure on Russia in 2022, which continues to increase at present, has brought to the fore the national agenda of improving the quality of life and standard of living of Russians, achieving national benchmarks in this area and solving problems on the “inner circuit” in the face of new (including existential) challenges. There is a growing need for the development of a scientific and informational basis for the in-depth elaboration of effective responses to the challenges posed. The article presents the results of the research, which continues our developments in the field of studying the relationship between the quality of employment and living standards, focusing on the identification of features in generation groups: young people (up to 35 years), middle generation (36 years - retirement age), the older generation (retirement age). In this study, based on original developments, we have set out with the aim of identifying the unused potential of employment quality in generation groups of workers and its connection with the economic (un)sustainability of households, which determines their standard of living. The empirical basis was the data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of the HSE and the Comprehensive Monitoring of Living Conditions of the Population by Rosstat. The potential quality of employment of generation groups of workers is revealed, which is determined by the mismatch between education and employment (mismatch between the level of education and specialty, required in the workplace), the presence of precarious employment revealed on the basis of the indicators we have proposed. We consider the dynamics of economic sustainability of workers' households, determined on the basis of our developments and formed by the income from employment in generation groups of workers, as a whole and depending on the characteristics of the quality of employment. The results of this study allow us to update public policy decisions in the areas of employment and vocational education to improve the performance of the chain “education - employment - economic sustainability - standard of living”.

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The environmental culture in the Russian society as a condition for building eco-consciousness and behavior of the younger generation

The environmental culture in the Russian society as a condition for building eco-consciousness and behavior of the younger generation

Ivanova Larisa Yu.

Статья научная

The environmental state largely depends on the environmental culture and consciousness of the population. The study of these qualities among the representatives of the younger generation is of particular interest: this has determined the relevance of the research problem. The purpose of the research is to compare the attitude towards pressing environmental issues among modern 16-year-olds and their peers interviewed 20 years ago, and to analyze the causes of changes that have occurred in the eco-consciousness and behavior of the younger generation during this period. The research lies in the following: the performance of 16-year-old teenagers’ concerns about serious environmental problems and their environmental behavior is studied for the first time in two decades; the causes of changes (decreased attention of the state and the society to environmental issues; the school course “Environment” is no longer mandatory; the media do not pay attention to the issue of sustainable development) are analyzed...

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The evolution of demographic and social construction of the age of "old age"

The evolution of demographic and social construction of the age of "old age"

Barsukov Vitalii N., Kalachikova Olga N.

Статья научная

In the 21st century, global demographic system is in the transition from the stage of demographic dividend implementation to population ageing. A global trend of the age structure transformation is a new, by the history’s standards, phenomenon. Reasons and mechanisms of its emergence are revealed and empirically confirmed. However, the issue of the population ageing’s consequences, which do not have universal mechanisms of formation and differ according to a territorial basis, remains relevant. The reason of differences is not only about socio-economic parameters of countries, which determine the potential to overcome the consequences of demographic ageing, but also about the lack of a common understanding of the “old age” and the correlation between the demographic basis of its construction and the social perception of this category. Population ageing and ageing society are manifestations of the age structure transformation, which have common reasons of emergence, but they are conceptually different in defining the age of the “old age”. Thus, the purpose of this work is to identify and systematize the evolutionary features of demographic and social construction of the age of the “old age”. The article consists of two main parts: the analysis of existing approaches to constructing the age of the population’s demographic “old age” and features of the transformation of public perception of elderly population in different historical epochs (social construction of the studied category). The main conclusion of the study is that within global, irreversible (with a narrowed reproduction) ageing of the population and demographic beta-convergence, the construction of the age of the “old age” gradually moves into the social area. Societies restructure the concept of the old age not only through the prism of increasing life expectancy (including healthy), but also through awareness of the increasing role of the older generation in maintaining sustainable rates of the socio-economic development. On this background, the main task of “ageing” states is to overcome the persistent (albeit on a less significant scale) manifestations of age discrimination against older citizens.

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The evolution of forest exploitation and restoration in Russia: myths and realities

The evolution of forest exploitation and restoration in Russia: myths and realities

Pechatkin Vitaliy Valentinovich

Статья научная

The article analyzes the trends of forest exploitation and restoration in Russia embracing a period of over a century. It highlights the key issues of the forest industry. The article evaluates the effectiveness of institutional changes concerning forestry solutions. It suggests a package of measures on managing the evolution of the forest sector aimed at stable, non-depletable forest exploitation while maximizing forest revenue.

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The expert image of the Russian civil society

The expert image of the Russian civil society

Ukhanova Yuliya V.

Статья научная

Civil society plays an increasingly important role in the economic and social development around the world. The article attempts to identify the conditions for the functioning of the civil society in Russia and forecast its development in the near future. The empirical framework of the research lies in the results of an expert survey held by the Russian Academy of Sciences in February-March, 2018. The research methods are based on two principles: first, the forecasting process is based on the procedure of expert evaluation of the current conditions, probability, and preference of possible changes in the civil society. Second, analysis is carried out as a result of integration of assessments of experts representing various socio-political spheres (government, business, third sector, science, the media). The research reveals that expert opinions on all aspects of functioning of the civil society are highly differentiated, which, on the one hand, can be explained by different ideological views of the expert community, on the other - indicates the current extremely uncertain and contradictory state of the sphere under study and its prospects...

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The factors of innovation activity of St. Petersburg industrial enterprises

The factors of innovation activity of St. Petersburg industrial enterprises

Rumyantsev Alexey Aleksandrovich, Kozenko Alexey Sergeevich

Статья научная

The paper provides an analysis of innovation activity of manufacturing industries of the city of St. Petersburg. Relying on statistical and accounting data, the authors try to explain the cause-and-effect relationships in forming the innovative activity of these enterprises and to identify the problems of their innovation development. The particular emphasis is placed on evaluating the results of innovative activities of enterprises in recent years.

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The features of state regulation of agricultural and rural development of territories in Hungary

The features of state regulation of agricultural and rural development of territories in Hungary

Keszthelyi Krisztian

Статья научная

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the effects of the rural development, particularly the main role of the subsidy system. The determining part of the agricultural and rural development is the relevant effective subsidy systems. The study is focusing on the New Hungarian Rural Development Programme operating specialities and influence, which are my PhD study main components. Political goals and directions can be manifold; they are determined by the leaders’ vision, way of thinking, ideology, and view of spatial structures. At the same time, the development, i.e. the series of actual interventions and their technique, stems from the particularities of the area system. [1]; [2] After 1990, a change of the model took place in central and eastern European countries, the centralized, state-centred national administration had to be replaced with a democratic public administration. The relationship between central and local bodies had to be placed on new foundations, the same had to be done with the fulfilment of the tasks of the State and those of local governments. The countries of the region are characterized by continuous pathfinding [3]. At the time of EU accession in 2004 and even before that, Hungary was entitled to pre-accession funds such as ISPA, SHAPARD, PHARE [4]; [5]; [60]. The purpose of my paper is to shed light on the regional effects of rural development in regional politics, and among them, the decisive role played by the aid system. A key element of the possibilities of agricultural and rural development is the effective operation of relevant aid systems. The study focuses on the operational features of the New Hungary Rural Development Programme and their effects, which comprises an important part of my PhD thesis in the process of being completed.

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The formation of digital space at the municipal level: overview of settlements' websites

The formation of digital space at the municipal level: overview of settlements' websites

Prokopev Egor A., Kurilo Anna E., Gubina Olga V.

Статья научная

The formation of digital economy and transition to electronic government impose qualitatively different demands to authorities' presence on the Internet. Local authorities are not an exception here. Due to modest financial capabilities of many municipalities, their websites, objectively, cannot match the level of federal and regional web portals. The necessity to meet modern requirements implies the search for acceptable ways to be present online. The article attempts to determine the current state of spatial distribution of municipal authorities' digital involvement on the settlement level. To achieve it, we revealed the ways of being present on the Internet, checked the availability of connections between websites of municipalities, gathered information characterizing disclosure of information about dynamics of municipal institution development, identified additional Internet communication channels, and built cartograms. The research includes 313 urban and rural settlements in the Republic of Karelia, the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Leningrad, and Murmansk oblasts. The results of the study indicate that the digital space of this territory at the municipal level is almost completely formed and has a low degree of mutual integration of its Internet resources. It is shown that the most popular way of providing information about the settlement on the Internet - website - is not the best. It is revealed that local governments rarely use social media as an auxiliary or alternative channel of Internet communication with local residents. It is noted that the majority of settlements orientate toward practices used in settlements of their municipal district, while creating and maintaining webpages without borrowing the experience of neighboring districts and regions. The results of this study might be used for qualitative improvement of municipalities' activities conducted online and formation of e-government on regional and municipal levels.

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The formation of the mechanism of cooperation between socially responsible business and regional authorities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation

The formation of the mechanism of cooperation between socially responsible business and regional authorities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation

Ivanova Medeya V., Yakusheva Ulyana E.

Статья научная

In the current development conditions, the issue of distributing social functions between the state and a business is the most relevant. There are several institutions through which the state transfers social functions to organizations: social entrepreneurship, nonprofit organizations, and corporate social responsibility. These processes are the most important for the RF Arctic zone, which is resource oriented, and it is characterized by a special vulnerability to technogenic, biogenic, and socio-cultural threats. Mining companies adopt a voluntary social responsibility policy more often than companies from other industries. The results of the analysis of conducted studies show that a little attention is paid to issues of cooperation between socially responsible companies and regional authorities. This work is devoted to studying processes of the formation of mechanisms defining cooperation between socially responsible companies and regional authorities of the RF Arctic zone. Primary and secondary sources of information served as the informational basis. To collect primary data, we used in-depth unstructured interviews. Secondary data sources were official data from government and companies’ websites, legal acts, and internal documentation of companies (annual reports, ordinances, regulations, policies, and reports on sustainable development). Content analysis of strategies, synthesis, and structural approach were used as methods of data interpretation. Access to company’s internal documentation and the lack of updates on government and companies’ official websites were restrictions of the research. Despite the existing bottlenecks in the research, the results are interesting for the further study of the mechanism of influence of business’ social responsibility on the territories’ socio-economic development and actualization of strategies for the Arctic regions’ development.

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The formation of unified scientific and technological space in the union state of Russia and Belarus within the union programs

The formation of unified scientific and technological space in the union state of Russia and Belarus within the union programs

Vityaz Pyotr Aleksandrovich

Статья научная

The article reveals the content of work conducted through the cooperation of scientists and specialists of both countries to build scientific and technological potential, priority areas of work of mutual interest.

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The genesis and mechanisms to overcome systemic economic crises

The genesis and mechanisms to overcome systemic economic crises

Shcherbakov Gennadii Anatolevich

Статья научная

The paper aims to look into the origin and nature of global economic crises, the least studied phenomena of the global economic life - the phenomena, the nature of which still has not received a generally accepted explanation in economic science. Market economy has its own laws, the spontaneous nature of which is revealed in times of crises. However, the analysis of global “crisis experience” draws attention to an important feature in the implementation of various forms of crises that remains at all the stages of economic development. Some economic shocks, despite their urgency and scale, gradually give way to recovery and then - to complete recovery. Other end up with weak revival and depression, gradually turning into a new recession. Such crises, depressions, and periods of sluggish economic recovery form the “waves of crisis development” that hold the economy in a depressed condition for a long time. The impact and the consequences of these “waves” of economic shocks that are sequential or overlapping in time go beyond the medium-term economic dynamics...

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The greening of the bio-resource economy of the northern region

The greening of the bio-resource economy of the northern region

Dmitrieva Tamara E.

Статья научная

The article presents the results of a collaborative study aimed at finding opportunities and limitations for effective use of renewable bio-resources, which are an important part of the resource base of the economy of the Komi Republic. The novelty of the approach to achieving the goal lies in addressing the methodology of greening established as an official course of global sustainable development and gaining momentum in Russia. The logic of the research into modernization of the bio-resource economy of the Northern region corresponded to the traditional scheme, including the understanding of the content, measurement of parameters and areas of development of the process under study, and is reflected in the structure of the article. The research covers the stages of green development, its relations with sustainable development, and approaches to their measurement. Relying on the methodology of green sustainable development for the modernization of bio-resource industries has helped: specify it as environmental modernization aimed at preserving natural capital, improving the environmental quality of life, improving the resource efficiency of economic activity; assess the level of greening of the objects under study and identify the barriers to its increase; justify the areas of conservation and effective use of land, forest and water resources and “greening” the structure of the bio-resource economy of the region...

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