Visual strategies of commemoration in the late Ottoman empire and the construction of counter-memory (on the example of the Russian monument in San Stefano)

The article is devoted to the mechanisms of constructing the memory of Russian military victories on the territory of the late Ottoman Empire, which were formed with the creation of the Russian monument in San Stefano. The author compares several competing memories of this memorial: the official Russian imperial narrative about the military victory over the Ottoman Empire in 1878, the Ottoman memory of the catastrophic military and diplomatic defeat, the memory of the Turkish society about the incident of the destruction of the monument, and modern memorial discourses. The author traces some changes in memory policy in Late Ottoman and Turkish society.