The place and the role of Chelyabinsk in the "intellectual migration" process of the XX century

In this article, we consider the phenomenon of «intellectual migration» in the city of Chelyabinsk. This phenomenon became widespread in the twentieth century in many countries around the world. At the beginning of the XXI century, «intellectual migration» changed significantly. It has a noticeable impact on the economic and cultural development of many countries and regions nowadays. Using various research techniques and methods, we now distinguish the cycles of migration waves that passed through Chelyabinsk in the twentieth century. In total, we were able to distinguish five waves of «intellectual migration» which differed in their intensity, duration and consequences for the development of the Southern Urals. The most powerful was the wave associated with evacuation and re-evacuation processes in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. It determined the development of Chelyabinsk and the entire region for many more years. We used the biographical research method to reveal some important aspects of the processes of "intellectual migration" through the prism of biographies of many representatives of the intellectuals of Chelyabinsk, to identify the reasons for the arrival and departure of famous doctors, teachers, and engineers. In addition to various encyclopedia articles and reference data, we analyzed materials from periodicals, and memoirs of Chelyabinsk residents, artifacts stored in the city museums. We were able to identify several factors that had the most noticeable influence on the «intellectual migration» in Russia in the twentieth century; we conclude that the state policy is the main.